Effect of Labor Division between Wife and Husband on the Risk of Divorce: Evidence from German Data

Using German panel data from 1984 to 2007, we analyze the impact of labor division between husband and wife on the risk of divorce. Gary Becker’s theory of marriage predicts that specialization in domestic and market work, respectively, reduces the risk of separation. Traditionally, the breadwinner role is assigned to the husband, however, female labor force participation and their wages have risen substantially. Our results suggest that there are gender-specific differences, e.g. female breadwinner-couples have a substantially higher risk of divorce than male breadwinner-couples. In contrast, the equal division does not significantly alter the probability of separation.divorce, labor division, Germany

Effect of Labor Division between Wife and Husband on the Risk of Divorce: Evidence from German Data

Using German panel data from 1984 to 2007, we analyze the impact of labor division between husband and wife on the risk of divorce. Gary Becker's theory of marriage predicts that specialization in domestic and market work, respectively, reduces the risk of separation. Traditionally, the breadwinner role is assigned to the husband, however, female labor force participation and their wages have risen substantially. Our results suggest that there are gender-specific differences, e.g. female breadwinner-couples have a substantially higher risk of divorce than male breadwinner-couples. In contrast, the equal division does not significantly alter the probability of separation.Divorce, labor division, Germany

Impact of Educational and Religious Homogamy on Marital Stability

Using a rich panel data set from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we test whether spouses who are similar to each other in certain respects have a lower probability of divorce than dissimilar spouses. We focus on the effect of homogamy with respect to education and church attendance. Gary Becker's theory of marriage predicts that usually, positive assortative mating is optimal. Our results, however, suggest that homogamy per se does not increase marital stability but higher education and religiousness.divorce, homogamy, education

Mechanical operations of the spirit : the Protestant object in Swift and Defoe

textThis study revises a dominant narrative of the eighteenth-century, in which a secular modernity emerges in opposition to religious belief. It argues that a major challenge for writers such as Jonathan Swift and Daniel Defoe, and for English subjects generally, was to grasp the object world--including the modern technological object--in terms of its spiritual potential. I identify disputes around the liturgy and common prayer as a source of a folk psychology concerning mental habits conditioned by everyday interactions with devotional and cultural objects. Swift and Defoe therefore confront even paradigmatically modern forms (from trade items to scientific techniques) as a spiritual ecology, a network of new possibilities for practical piety and familiar forms of mental-spiritual illness. Texts like A Tale of a tub (1704) and Robinson Crusoe (1719) renew Reformation ideals for the laity by evaluating technologies for governing a nation of souls. Swift and Defoe's Protestantism thus appears as an active guide to understanding emotions and new experience rather than a static body of doctrine. Current historiography neglects the early modern sense that sectarian objects and rituals not only discipline religious subjects, but also provoke ambivalence and anxiety: Swift's Tale diagnoses Catholic knavery and Puritan hypocrisy as neurotic attempts to extract pleasure from immiserating styles of material praxis. Crusoe, addressed to more radical believers in spaces of trade, sees competent spiritual, scientific and commercial practice on the same plane, as techniques for overcoming fetishistic desires. Swift's orthodoxy of enforced moderation and Defoe's oddly worldly piety represent likeminded formulae for psychic reform, and not--as often alleged--conflicts between sincere belief and political or commercial interests. Gulliver's travels (1726) and A Journal of the plague year (1722) also link mind and governance through different visions of Protestant polity. Swift sees alienation from the national church--figured by a Crusoe or Gulliver--as refusal of common sense and problem solving. Defoe points to religious schism, exemplified by dissenters' exclusion from state church statistics, as a moral and medical failure: the city risks creating selfish citizens who also may overlook data needed to combat the plague.Englis

A case of porphyria cutanea tarda in the setting of hepatitis C infection and tobacco usage

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common type of porphyria, presenting in middle-aged patients with a photodistributed vesiculobullous eruption, milia, and scars. Porphyria cutanea tarda occurs in relation to inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, a key enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway. A number of genetic and acquired factors increase susceptibility to PCT by reducing uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. A handful of other vesiculobullous conditions may mimic PCT both clinically and histologically; therefore, both skin biopsy and laboratory evaluation are helpful in confirming the diagnosis. We report a case of PCT in the setting of cigarette usage and untreated hepatitis C infection

Erineval ajal koolikohustuse täitmise alustamine: õpetajate arvamused selle kohta ning erinevas vanuses kooli astunud õpilaste toimetulek 1. klassis õpetajate hinnangute põhjal

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2654652~S1*es

Two coupled Josephson junctions: dc voltage controlled by biharmonic current

We study transport properties of two Josephson junctions coupled by an external shunt resistance. One of the junction (say, the first) is driven by an unbiased ac current consisting of two harmonics. The device can rectify the ac current yielding a dc voltage across the first junction. For some values of coupling strength, controlled by an external shunt resistance, a dc voltage across the second junction can be generated. By variation of system parameters like the relative phase or frequency of two harmonics, one can conveniently manipulate both voltages with high efficiency, e.g., changing the dc voltages across the first and second junctions from positive to negative values and vice versa.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, to appear in J. Phys. Condens. Matter (2012

Fresh Chicken as Main Risk Factor for Campylobacteriosis, Denmark

Increased consumption of fresh poultry in Denmark has contributed substantially to the increasing incidence of human campylobacteriosis

The Experiences Latinas Encounter While Attending a Remote Rural Two-Year Community College: The Confluence of Identity (ies)

Background: Latina students are underrepresented and undereducated in rural community colleges. There are gaps in rural community college research specifically focusing on Latina retention. This research identified the factors detracting from and/or enhancing the college experience for Latinas in rural community colleges. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to find the factors that support and those that hinder Latinas in achieving their educational goals as they pursue a rural college-going experience. Tinto’s (1975; 1993) model of student departure and retention provided a theoretical explanatory lens. Setting: One rural community college in the Pacific Northwest was selected. Interviews were conducted via the location choice of each participant. Subjects: Participants included 14 purposively selected Latinas over the age of 18 who took at least one term of credit bearing classes at a rural community college in the Pacific Northwest. Research Design: The study used a qualitative, narrative design, with social constructivist approach. A qualitative interview guide was utilized to interview participants. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were analyzed from interviews and responses were transcribed based on a narrative analysis transcription protocol. Word and phrase analysis and thematic content of the responses were analyzed using MAXQDA software. A codebook was created to keep track of participants and their responses. A spreadsheet for each theme was created separating the categories and codes. Findings: Seven themes emerged from the narrative analysis that depicted elements of positive or negative college-going experiences: These themes included: career goal, parental-family expectations/support, financial support, learning and instruction, student services support, peer and teacher support, and cultural barriers. Some of the findings in this research contradicted Tinto (1975), who held the belief that in order for students to be retained, they must first separate from their pre-college social groups and form new social groups. In this research many of the participants maintained their pre-college social groups and yet were retained in the community college. Another finding contradicted Tinto’s (1975, 1993) theory in which student retention is predicated on the positive association between academic integration and high school grade performance; however this research revealed a different finding: nine participants received a GED rather than a high school diploma, suggesting limited academic high-school rigor and integration. More than half of GED participants went on to complete their college studies. An analysis of the data also revealed that high school students who drop out before they graduate experience less rigor, less academic integration than those students who graduate. Tinto (1993) also suggested, as part of social integration, that faculty and peer interaction is invaluable to student retention. Although many participants in this research felt academically supported, some noted that they lacked academic support; yet most completed, transferred, or were retained. Most of the participants who had no financial support from the college completed, transferred, or remained enrolled. Despite lack of financial support being a negative experience, retention rates appeared similar between those with or without financial burden, which conveyed a difference with previous literature. Conclusions: Given the limited research on this group of students, the findings provide insights for future researchers and for theory development. Though future research on Latina retention is needed in rural colleges, the practical implications from this research will help community college personnel embrace a change in the academy such as serving students’ needs expressed in intentional opportunities for academic and social engagement and better access to financial, student services, and other resources

"Two people gotta stick together..."

The present thesis tries to obtain a better understanding how economic and marriage-related decisions are linked to each other. The first part deals with cross-spouse effects on economic decisions, in this case on health behavior and on labor force participation at older age. The second part examines the impact of various economic factors on the risk of marital dissolution. In summary, all chapters show that there are strong interrelationships between the two most important aspects in life, namely family and career. However, we also see that men and women react and behave differently. For instance, the wife has an effect on the husband’s probability to see the doctor but not vice versa. Moreover, a female breadwinner increases the risk of divorce substantially which we cannot find for couples with a male main earner. Thus, the results suggest that economic theory and empirical analyses do not only have to consider the family background but also to distinguish between men and women. Needless to say that there are still many open questions. For instance, except in Chapter 2, we restrict the analysis to married couples since cohabitation is less common among older people and moreover, separation has usually less severe consequences if the couple is not married. Nevertheless, given the growing acceptance and equal treatment under law, it becomes increasingly interesting to extend the analyses to cohabiting couples. Moreover, not only family structure has changed, work life is also changing. More and more jobs, in particular for high-educated, require high flexibility and mobility by both, men and women. Consequently, for a larger section of the population, the success of a relationship is challenged by commuting and living apart together. It is not fully known yet to what extent these factors alter the risk of separation. Another interesting aspect is the new parental-leave regulation. The new law provides financial incentives for fathers to take a share of the legal parental-leave. However, given our result that female and male breadwinners do not seem to be perfect substitutes, the question is whether maternity and paternity leave have a different effect on marital stability. Thus, there are still many aspects we do not know but, to conclude with Tina Turner, “some people gotta stay whatever and give one another shelter on a rainy day”