Norwegian Spring-Spawning Herring & Northeast Arctic Cod : 100 Years of Research and Management

Gjengitt med tillatelse av Tapir Akademisk Forlag. Hjemmeside: http://www.tapirforlag.no

Acoustic estimates of spawning cod in the Lofoten area in 1982 and 1983

The proceedings of the Soviet-Norwegian symposium on: Reproduction and recruitment of Arctic cod. Leningrad 26 - 30 September 1983.The main spawning grounds for Arctic cod, the Lofoten area, were covered by acoustic surveys 7 times in 1983 and 12 times in 1983 during the prespawning and spawning season. The results indicated a spawning stock in the area of approximately 80 million specimens in 1982. and 50 million spec-imens in 1983. These figures were less than half the estimated total spawning stock of Arctic cod these years. The acoustic data were analyzed in order to estimate the migration rate in and out of the Lofoten area during the surveying period. The results indicate that in 1983 spent cod started to leave the grounds in the middle of March, and that the fish flux in and out of the area is an important factor to be considered when evaluating the acoustic survey results. In general acoustic surveys will tend to underestimate the number of spawners Bn the area under such circumstances

Loddeundersøkelser med F/F "G. O. Sars" i Barentshavet i februar-mars 1973

During the period 16 February-3 March 1973 R. V. «G. O. Sars» carried out a survey on spawning and prespawning capelin in the Barents Sea. The investigations were a continuation of those reported by Monstad and Midttun 1973. In the area north of the Skolpen Bank the distribution and maturity stage of the capelin were as reported by the mentioned authors. However, during the last week of February an influx towards the Norwegian coast of spawning capelin was observed off the Murman Coast. It is believed that these schools had been moving southwestward east of the area covered by the earlier investigations in the winter season

The Legal Aspects of Humanitarian Intervention Based on the Intervention in Somalia: what significance does the intervention in Somalia have for the legal status of humanitarian intervention?

The lawfulness of humanitarian intervention and its position in international law has been highly disputed and debated. This thesis will address the question of whether or not humanitarian intervention is a legal use of force in international law and if the humanitarian intervention in Somalia was a lawful humanitarian intervention. The thesis will also look at what significance the intervention in Somalia has had for the legal status of humanitarian intervention and for later interventions. The thesis will present the legal material dealing with humanitarian intervention, where the UN Charter plays a significant role, and show that the Charter permits authorized humanitarian interventions. Furthermore, the thesis will discuss the intervention in Somalia and demonstrate that the intervention was in fact a lawful humanitarian intervention. Finally, the thesis will address the question of whether or not the intervention in Somalia has had any significance for the legal status of humanitarian intervention and later interventions. In regards to the legal status of humanitarian intervention, the emphasis is on the practice of the Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter. In regards to the significance for later interventions, the thesis will state the significance the intervention in Somalia had for the lack of timely interference in the genocide in Rwanda.Master i rettsvitenskapJUS399MAJU

An investigation into the use of spent activated carbon in the filtration of PFAS contaminated leachate

Per- og polyfluoralkylstoffer (PFAS) er syntetiske organiske kjemikalier som har skadelige effekter på menneskers helse og miljø. Flere forurensa plasser kommer fra tidligere bruk av PFAS-holdig brannslukkningsskum. En betydelig bekymring er, at forurensningen kan spre seg fra forurensede områder til nærliggende vannforekomster og drikkevann. Aktivt karbon (AC) er et av de vanligste bindematerialene (sorbentene) for PFAS-forurenset jord og vann. Dette studiet undersøker potensialet for brukt AC fra tre forskjellige kilder, om de kan gjenbrukes som en PFAS-sorbent. AC-sorbentene som skal testes er pellets fra luft- og biogassrensing, granulert AC og antrasitt fra avløpsvannbehandling. Alle AC-prøvene blei først analysert for å finne ut av hvilke forurensinger de hadde fra tidligere bruk. Siden blei en batch-lekking-test uført, for å se hvor lett de hadde for å slippe forurensingene sine ut i vann. Så ble prøvene testet for deres evne til å sorbere PFAS, også ved batch-adsorpsjons test, med varierende mengder av sorbenter. Det PFAS-kontaminerte sigevannet var dominert av de kortkjedete PFAS komponentene perfluorpentansyre (PFPeA) og perfluorbutansyre (PFBA), blant de 33 kvantifiserte PFASene i sigevannet. Av de ulike sorbentene ga den brukte AC fra luftrenseselskapet CLAIRS det høyeste potensialet for gjenbruk som en PFAS-sorbent, med en samlet effektivitet på 97 % ved bruk av 4 g AC. Absorbenter for biogassrensing og avløpsvannsbehandling viste mindre effektivitet på grunn av DOC og BTEX i sorpsjonsstedene. Avslutningsvis viste luftrensnings sorbenten en større adsorpsjonsevne for PFAS. Imidlertid er det en betydelig mengde svovellekkasje fra AC’en. Ytterligere testing må utføres på andre luftfiltreringsprøver, med søkelys på PFAS-adsorpsjon og svovelutlekking. Det må også testes ytterligere i felt.Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic organic chemicals that have hazardous effects on human health and the environment. Several pollution hotspots have resulted from the use of PFAS-containing fire-fighting foams. A significant concern is that the contamination can spread from contaminated sites to nearby water bodies and drinking water. Activated carbon (AC) is one of the most common binding materials (sorbents) for PFAScontaminated soil and water. This study investigated the hypothesis that many spent AC filters are sent to landfills while potentially having unused sorption sites for organic contaminants such as PFAS compounds. The AC types to be tested included pellets from air- and biogas purification, granulated AC, and anthracite from wastewater treatment. All samples were first analysed for their contaminant content, obtained from their previous applications, and then batch leaching tests were conducted to determine the leachability of these contaminants into the water phase. Then the material´s ability to sorb PFAS was investigated, also trough batch adsorption tests, with PFAS-contaminated leachate containing varying concentrations of the sorbents. The PFAS-contaminated leachate was dominated by the short-chained PFAS perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), among the 33 quantified PFAS compounds. From the various sorbents, the spent AC sample from the air purification company CLAIRS provided the highest potential for reuse as a PFAS sorbent with an overall 97% efficiency using 4 g of AC. Biogas purification and wastewater treatment sorbents showed less efficiency, due to natural organic matter such as humus and BTEX on the sorption sites. In conclusion, the air purification sorbent showed a greater adsorption affinity to PFAS, however, there is still uncertainties around the environmental impacts of the substantial amount of sulphur leakage from these spent AC types. Therefore, further testing needs to be performed on other air filtration samples, not only on the sulphur leaching. It must also be tested in a large-scale field test.M-MIN