The Initial Slope of the Variogram, Foundation of the Trabecular Bone Score, Is Not or Is Poorly Associated With Vertebral Strength.

Trabecular bone score (TBS) rests on the textural analysis of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to reflect the decay in trabecular structure characterizing osteoporosis. Yet, its discriminative power in fracture studies remains incomprehensible because prior biomechanical tests found no correlation with vertebral strength. To verify this result possibly owing to an unrealistic setup and to cover a wide range of loading scenarios, the data from three previous biomechanical studies using different experimental settings were used. They involved the compressive failure of 62 human lumbar vertebrae loaded 1) via intervertebral discs to mimic the in vivo situation ("full vertebra"); 2) via the classical endplate embedding ("vertebral body"); or 3) via a ball joint to induce anterior wedge failure ("vertebral section"). High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) scans acquired from prior testing were used to simulate anterior-posterior DXA from which areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and the initial slope of the variogram (ISV), the early definition of TBS, were evaluated. Finally, the relation of aBMD and ISV with failure load (Fexp ) and apparent failure stress (σexp ) was assessed, and their relative contribution to a multilinear model was quantified via ANOVA. We found that, unlike aBMD, ISV did not significantly correlate with Fexp and σexp , except for the "vertebral body" case (r(2) = 0.396, p = 0.028). Aside from the "vertebra section" setup where it explained only 6.4% of σexp (p = 0.037), it brought no significant improvement to aBMD. These results indicate that ISV, a replica of TBS, is a poor surrogate for vertebral strength no matter the testing setup, which supports the prior observations and raises a fortiori the question of the deterministic factors underlying the statistical relationship between TBS and vertebral fracture risk. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

Osteoporosis treatment in Austria—assessment of FRAX-based intervention thresholds for high and very high fracture risk

Summary The adoption of the management pathway proposed by the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG), UK applied using the Austrian FRAX® tool in a referral population of Austrian women categorises 22–29% of women age 40 years or more eligible for treatment of whom 28–34% are classified at very high risk. Purpose The aim of this study is to provide a reference document for the further development of existing guidelines for the management of osteoporosis in Austria, considering FRAX-based intervention thresholds for high and very high fracture risk. Methods The model development was based on two Austrian hospital referral cohorts. Baseline information was collected to compute the 10-year probability (using the Austrian FRAX model) of a major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) and hip fracture both with and without the inclusion of femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). Assessment thresholds for BMD testing were defined, as well as intervention thresholds. In addition, thresholds that characterise men and women at high and very high fracture risk were established. The management pathway followed that currently recommended by the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). Results The two cohorts comprised a total of 1306 women and men with a mean age of 66.7 years. Slightly more than 50% were eligible for treatment by virtue of a prior fragility fracture. In those women without a prior fracture, 22% (n = 120) were eligible for treatment based on MOF probabilities. Of these, 28% (n = 33) were found to be at very high risk. When both MOF and hip fracture probabilities were used to characterise risk, 164 women without a prior fracture were eligible for treatment (29%). Of these, 34% (n = 56) were found to be at very high risk. Fewer men without prior fracture were eligible for treatment compared with women. Conclusion The management pathway as currently outlined is expected to reduce inequalities in patient management. The characterisation of very high risk may aid in the identification of patients suitable for treatment with osteoanabolic agents

Physiologic responses of higher plants to metallic stress. : role of cell walls in defensive strategy of tomato cells (Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill.) against heavy metal stress.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire est une contribution à l’étude prospective des effetsprovoqués par des éléments traces métalliques (Zn, Cd et Pb) sur des suspensions cellulaires detomate (Solanum lycopersicum, L.). L’objectif principal de l’investigation est de démontrerl’implication de la paroi dans la réaction de défense des cellules contre le stress métallique à l’instarde celles qu’elles sont capables de développer contre les agressions biotiques.Le premier chapitre a consisté à caractériser des paramètres quantitatifs (croissance, hydratation) etqualitatifs (viabilité, réactivité enzymatique) pour mettre en évidence les effets généralement nocifscausés par l’introduction des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans les milieux de culture aumoment de la phase exponentielle de croissance. Outre la diminution de la croissance (arrêt et mortcellulaire), l’état physiologique des cellules, apprécié par leur perte de turgescence, témoigne de lacapacité de tolérance des cellules de tomate vis-à-vis du Zn, par rapport aux deux autres ETM.Le second chapitre a permis de montrer que les cellules de tomate se sont défendues contreles agressions métalliques en augmentant leur biomasse pariétale, notamment en présence de zinc.En outre, la paroi apparaît dans tous les cas comme le principal compartiment de séquestration desETM en excès. La comparaison entre les trois espèces métalliques montre que les parois des cellulesde tomate retiennent mieux le cadmium que le zinc et le plomb.Le troisième chapitre, consacré à l’étude de la composition osidique des parois dans unchamp expérimental réduit aux plus faibles doses de zinc, a fourni des données inédites,notamment à propos des pectines extraites ou non par les procédés employés (CDTA, EPGase). Lesrésultats (quantités et caractéristiques des extraits pectiques) ont été discutés en fonction destraitements subis par les cellules mais également avec le souci de trouver des explications à larétention du zinc dans la paroi et un schéma de structure hypothétique de la paroi a été proposé.En définitive, ce travail répond à la question posée initialement et apparaît comme unepréparation à caractère académique d’un projet environnemental d’utilisation des végétaux pour laphytoremédiation.The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb) on tomato(Solanum lycopersicum, L.) suspension-cultured cells. The main objective was to demonstrate thattomato cells subjected to metal stress react by modifying their cell walls as they can do in responseof a pathogen attack.In the first chapter, cell parameters were characterized with both quantitative(growth, water content) and qualitative (viability, enzymatic activities) aspects to highlightdeleterious effects of heavy metal (HM) when added in the culture medium during exponential cellgrowth. In addition to growth reducing (growth break, turgor pressure loss and cell death), tomatocells have showed higher tolerance capacity to Zn compared to Cd and Pb.The second chapter demonstrated that tomato cells were able to protect themselvesagainst HM stress by increasing their cell wall biomass and also the HM amount retained by cellwall polymers. Cell walls appeared to assume important roles in HM accumulation (Cd>Zn>Pb)and could therefore limit their influx into the cells. Our results also suggested that HM fixation bycell walls was not only due to an increase in cell wall biomass but also to an improvement of itsbinding capacity.The last chapter, devoted to study the osidic composition of tomato primary cell walls forthe lowest Zn doses, has provided original data particularly about pectins. Results have beendiscussed in order to understand the binding capacity of cell walls in function of Zn treatments.Then, an hypothetical structure of tomato cell wall of cultured cells has been proposed.Finally, this work has answered to the initial question and has constituted a preparativestudy for next phytoremediation projects

Réponses physiologiques des végétaux supérieurs aux stress métalliques. Caractérisation du rôle des parois cellulaires dans les statégies défensives des cellules de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) face aux éléments traces métalliques )

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire est une contribution à l étude prospective des effetsprovoqués par des éléments traces métalliques (Zn, Cd et Pb) sur des suspensions cellulaires detomate (Solanum lycopersicum, L.). L objectif principal de l investigation est de démontrerl implication de la paroi dans la réaction de défense des cellules contre le stress métallique à l instarde celles qu elles sont capables de développer contre les agressions biotiques.Le premier chapitre a consisté à caractériser des paramètres quantitatifs (croissance, hydratation) etqualitatifs (viabilité, réactivité enzymatique) pour mettre en évidence les effets généralement nocifscausés par l introduction des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans les milieux de culture aumoment de la phase exponentielle de croissance. Outre la diminution de la croissance (arrêt et mortcellulaire), l état physiologique des cellules, apprécié par leur perte de turgescence, témoigne de lacapacité de tolérance des cellules de tomate vis-à-vis du Zn, par rapport aux deux autres ETM.Le second chapitre a permis de montrer que les cellules de tomate se sont défendues contreles agressions métalliques en augmentant leur biomasse pariétale, notamment en présence de zinc.En outre, la paroi apparaît dans tous les cas comme le principal compartiment de séquestration desETM en excès. La comparaison entre les trois espèces métalliques montre que les parois des cellulesde tomate retiennent mieux le cadmium que le zinc et le plomb.Le troisième chapitre, consacré à l étude de la composition osidique des parois dans unchamp expérimental réduit aux plus faibles doses de zinc, a fourni des données inédites,notamment à propos des pectines extraites ou non par les procédés employés (CDTA, EPGase). Lesrésultats (quantités et caractéristiques des extraits pectiques) ont été discutés en fonction destraitements subis par les cellules mais également avec le souci de trouver des explications à larétention du zinc dans la paroi et un schéma de structure hypothétique de la paroi a été proposé.En définitive, ce travail répond à la question posée initialement et apparaît comme unepréparation à caractère académique d un projet environnemental d utilisation des végétaux pour laphytoremédiation.The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb) on tomato(Solanum lycopersicum, L.) suspension-cultured cells. The main objective was to demonstrate thattomato cells subjected to metal stress react by modifying their cell walls as they can do in responseof a pathogen attack.In the first chapter, cell parameters were characterized with both quantitative(growth, water content) and qualitative (viability, enzymatic activities) aspects to highlightdeleterious effects of heavy metal (HM) when added in the culture medium during exponential cellgrowth. In addition to growth reducing (growth break, turgor pressure loss and cell death), tomatocells have showed higher tolerance capacity to Zn compared to Cd and Pb.The second chapter demonstrated that tomato cells were able to protect themselvesagainst HM stress by increasing their cell wall biomass and also the HM amount retained by cellwall polymers. Cell walls appeared to assume important roles in HM accumulation (Cd>Zn>Pb)and could therefore limit their influx into the cells. Our results also suggested that HM fixation bycell walls was not only due to an increase in cell wall biomass but also to an improvement of itsbinding capacity.The last chapter, devoted to study the osidic composition of tomato primary cell walls forthe lowest Zn doses, has provided original data particularly about pectins. Results have beendiscussed in order to understand the binding capacity of cell walls in function of Zn treatments.Then, an hypothetical structure of tomato cell wall of cultured cells has been proposed.Finally, this work has answered to the initial question and has constituted a preparativestudy for next phytoremediation projects.ARRAS-Bib.electronique (620419901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Comment on Kaufman et al. Popular Dietary Trends’ Impact on Athletic Performance: A Critical Analysis Review. <i>Nutrients</i> 2023, <i>15</i>, 3511

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Response of cultured tomato cells subjected to excess zinc: role of cell wall in zinc compartmentation

International audienceThe aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the role of the cell wall in Zn accumulation and tolerance by tomato suspension-cultured cells. Growth parameters, Zn distribution and accumulation by tomato cells were determined in function of zinc concentration. A particular attention was paid to the variations of the total cell wall material (cell wall carbohydrates, proteins, and exopolymers) in relation to extracellular levels of Zn. Cells treated with 0.5-5 mM Zn showed typical symptoms of heavy metal toxicity as testified by various growth parameters. Fresh and dry weights as well as total cell volume per vial decreased with increasing Zn concentration in the culture medium. Concurrently, the cell wall biomass increased, as well as the Zn amount retained by cell wall polymers. Cell wall appeared to assume important roles in Zn fixation and could therefore limit Zn influx into the cell. Our results also suggested that zinc fixation by cell wall was not only due to an increase in cell wall biomass but also to an improvement of its binding capacity