Asymptotic genealogy of a critical branching process

Consider a continuous-time binary branching process conditioned to have population size n at some time t, and with a chance p for recording each extinct individual in the process. Within the family tree of this process, we consider the smallest subtree containing the genealogy of the extant individuals together with the genealogy of the recorded extinct individuals. We introduce a novel representation of such subtrees in terms of a point-process, and provide asymptotic results on the distribution of this point-process as the number of extant individuals increases. We motivate the study within the scope of a coherent analysis for an a priori model for macroevolution.Comment: 30 page

Comment on Peterson and Selvin

A comment on an article by Peterson and Selvin dealing with the role of courts as participants in the resolution of mass tort cases is presented

Building a resource for studying translation shifts

This paper describes an interdisciplinary approach which brings together the fields of corpus linguistics and translation studies. It presents ongoing work on the creation of a corpus resource in which translation shifts are explicitly annotated. Translation shifts denote departures from formal correspondence between source and target text, i.e. deviations that have occurred during the translation process. A resource in which such shifts are annotated in a systematic way will make it possible to study those phenomena that need to be addressed if machine translation output is to resemble human translation. The resource described in this paper contains English source texts (parliamentary proceedings) and their German translations. The shift annotation is based on predicate-argument structures and proceeds in two steps: first, predicates and their arguments are annotated monolingually in a straightforward manner. Then, the corresponding English and German predicates and arguments are aligned with each other. Whenever a shift - mainly grammatical or semantic -has occurred, the alignment is tagged accordingly.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur

Can Human Beings Truly Be Considered Free?

There exists a complex relationship between human freedom and God\u27s divine foreknowledge; the questions surrounding this topic abound and are difficult to answer. The question arises, if God knows all that we think and do, now and in the future, and has Providence over all of our actions, are we truly free; do we have free will? I assert that we do. The arguments that would pit God\u27s foreknowledge and human freedom against each other as incompatible have a faulty foundation surrounding the nature of God\u27s knowledge, His Being, and our purpose in the world. Essentially, the nature of God\u27s knowledge is not deterministic, and His knowing does not necessitate that actions happen as they will; they do not happen because He knows, He knows because they happen. Additionally, God created us with a particular nature, and that nature includes a free will as human beings. God can neither impede nor prevent this nature, as He would actually, in effect, be contradicting His own nature as well as ours. We as beings are made to fulfill our natures, and thus we were made to act freely. God\u27s providence exists in that He made us, and made us to fulfill our particular natures, and as such, we are naturally inclined towards the good and towards our divine end and Creator. The divine end and purpose exists for us all, but it is our free will which allows us to choose to fulfill or not fulfill this nature. Once the true nature and metaphysics of God\u27s knowledge and being, our nature as humans, and our purpose as humans are understood, we can better attempt to reconcile the idea of God\u27s foreknowledge and providence with our freedom and free will as human beings

Liberalism, Community, and State Borders

Legal doctrine is a collection of technicalities, but it is not only that.It is also, often, something more. Legal doctrines embody intuitionsabout justice, fairness, efficiency-all the values held by the individualswho contribute to their formulation. Faced with problems that lackclear legal answers, judges grope for appropriate solutions; in their groping,they follow deeply held intuitions about what the law ought to be. Itshould be of no surprise that even some of the humblest legal doctrinesreflect much larger philosophical assumptions

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICTS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS ON “DECEPTIONS” NOVEL BY JUDITH MICHAEL

In literary works, especially novel, we find various kinds of problems, which take place in the daily life of human beings. Novel is a story in prose, long enough to fill one or more volumes about imaginary or historical people. Therefore a novel includes psychological conflicts as its component. In facts, that the students can learn much from literary works, especially novel which gives them a picture of life. The purpose of this study was to answer the research problems, that is to find out: the psychological conflicts faced by the main characters, the most dominant conflict that faced by the main characters, and the way of the main characters solve their problems. The method that is used in this study was descriptive method because there is no administration or control of treatment. It followed the procedures of the objective approach in which the writer applied the literary research, after that she selected the supporting data, such as books, and literary theories. The result of this study shows that the types of psychological conflicts that the main characters faced are Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts and Approach-Avoidance Conflicts. The most dominant psychological conflicts faced the main characters are the former because they exist more frequently than the later in this story. And the solution of Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts shows that Sabrina finally determines to receives Stephanie’s desire, Sabrina finally decides to stay in Stephanie’s house, Sabrina finally decides to tells the truth to other people that actually she is not Stephanie but Sabrina. And the solution of Approach-Avoidance Conflicts shows that Garth finally decides to receive Sabrina as his wife and also forgives her

The Influence of School Segregation on Students’ Educational Achievement

This literature review evaluates how race, geographical location, and socioeconomic status impacts a student’s educational achievement. These variables affect educational success, which is impacted by the history of housing and racial segregation in the United States. The discussion will include why schools are segregated and how this has an impact on a student’s education by looking at different studies and theories such as the Black Culture theory and the Acting White Hypothesis. Even in desegregated schools, “tracking” separates and further segregates races in the educational system. The literature review concludes with a summary of the findings, importance, and future research that can be done in this field including equal funding for public schools across Americ