857 research outputs found

    L’écriture du gĂ©nocide des armĂ©niens : un texte Ă  plusieurs voix

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    Nous proposons dans le cadre de cet article, de rendre compte d’une pratique textuelle d’une violence (le gĂ©nocide des ArmĂ©niens), oscillant entre l’objectif d’une interprĂ©tation et son impossibilitĂ©, et formĂ©e d’écrits se distribuant aujourd’hui sur un spectre assez large. L’écriture du gĂ©nocide, celle d’une violence collective dĂ©mesurĂ©e, est par essence hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. Elle demande Ă  la fois une attention aux thĂšmes qui la traversent mais aussi une rĂ©flexion sur la texture de l’écriture : elle ne se borne pas uniquement Ă  dĂ©crire, ni mĂȘme Ă  transmettre des idĂ©es mais rejoint au plus prĂšs, sous la grande hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des Ă©crits, la forme du dĂ©sordre engendrĂ©. L’écriture du gĂ©nocide est indissociable des perceptions liĂ©es au statut du survivant, tĂ©moin direct du dĂ©sastre mais tĂ©moin aussi d’un exil qui a dĂ©sarticulĂ© tout un univers de reprĂ©sentations. Enfin, cette Ă©criture demeure profondĂ©ment habitĂ©e par la question du dĂ©ni et de ses consĂ©quences.In the context of this article an account is given of written treatment of an act of violence (the extermination of the Armenian people), which oscillates between the aim of interpreting and the impossibility of being able to interpret, and which is composed of written work distributed today over a fairly wide spectrum. Written work on the genocide, which consists of pieces of writing about an act of disproportionate collective violence, is essentially heterogeneous. This work requires at the same time attention to the themes which run through it and also reflection on the texture of the writing. It is not confined only to describing or even transmitting ideas but, behind the great heterogeneousness of the different pieces of writing, identifies closely with the form of the disorder created. Written documents about the genocide can not be dissociated from the perceptions relating to the status of the survivor who is not only a direct witness of the disaster, but a witness, too, of an exile which has dislocated a whole universe of representations. Finally, this writing remains profoundly haunted by the question of the denial of the genocide and the consequences of this

    Michel Bruneau, De L’Asie Mineure à la Turquie

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    L’ouvrage s’élabore Ă  la croisĂ©e d’un axe diachronique et synchronique et s’appuie principalement sur des sources grecques et armĂ©niennes ainsi que sur les recherches rĂ©centes de chercheurs turcs ayant analysĂ© la politique « d’ingĂ©nierie dĂ©mographique » appliquĂ©e par l’État ottoman des Jeunes Turcs et puis par la RĂ©publique kĂ©maliste. Ce travail mobilise l’attention de l’anthropologue, car il opĂšre toute une sĂ©rie de coupes dans la longue durĂ©e Ă  travers l’espace pluriethnique de l’Asie Mineu..

    La diaspora arménienne et l'idée nationale : de l'exil commémoré aux formes actives de l'apprtenance

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    RĂ©flexion sur la pertinence sociologique de la notion de diaspora Ă  travers quelques thĂšmes qui couvrent l'ensemble des significations et des interprĂ©tations : les logiques d'Etats et l'organisation d'espaces migratoires, le fait minoritaire et ethnique et l'Ă©laboration d'un lien social dans la dispersion. L'auteur privilĂ©gie tout autant les principes d'organisation que les motivations symboliques Ă  l'Ɠuvre. Les diasporas en effet Ă©laborent des projets identitaires, inventent de "nouvelles traditions", contribuent Ă  des mobilisations politiques pouvant produire de nouveaux rapports Ă  la citoyennetĂ©. Cette perspective est dĂ©veloppĂ©e Ă  travers la diaspora armĂ©nienne : elle apportera des Ă©clairages importants sur les dĂ©pendances de la rĂ©alitĂ© sociale aux Ă©volutions et aux recompositions de l'imaginaire collectif d'une minoritĂ© ethnoculturelle dĂ©territorialisĂ©e, sur les incidences de la gĂ©opolitique (l'existence d'une question armĂ©nienne au dĂ©but du xxe siĂšcle) dans l'Ă©laboration d'une conscience de minoritaire dans la dispersion. Depuis les dĂ©buts de l'exode massif des annĂ©es 1920 jusqu'Ă  nos jours, on remarque des reprĂ©sentations diffĂ©rentes de cette rĂ©alitĂ© de la dispersion, dĂ©pendante du degrĂ© d'aisance acquis dans les sociĂ©tĂ©s dites "d'adoption" mais aussi d'une mĂ©moire interne. Cette mĂ©moire rĂ©active quelques moments fondateurs d'une histoire de l'exil et engage de nouvelles relations entre un centre et une pĂ©riphĂ©rie. Ces nouvelles relations montrent des modifications dans les processus d'identifications nationales. Ainsi, depuis son indĂ©pendance en 1991, l'ArmĂ©nie anciennement soviĂ©tique interpelle la diaspora Ă  participer activement Ă  la construction de l'Etat

    La notion de diaspora

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    La notion de diaspora s'inscrit dans une nouvelle dynamique des identitĂ©s collectives et suscite en France un regain d'intĂ©rĂȘt chez les anthropologues, les gĂ©ographes, les sociologues et les politologues.PlutĂŽt que de dresser des typologies, nous tenterons de dĂ©mĂȘler les liens entre la rĂ©alitĂ© sociale et la notion. Cette nouvelle catĂ©gorie de l'altĂ©ritĂ©  nĂ©cessite de mettre en Ă©vidence les enjeux de l'autodĂ©signation (pourquoi certains groupes revendiquent-ils un statut  diasporique ?) et les critĂšres d'analyse de la recherche en sciences sociales amenĂ©e Ă  Ă©voquer, dans certains cas, l'existence de « vraies diasporas » ?Si l'usage croissant de cette notion est liĂ© aux bouleversements de l'ordre international, on peut nĂ©anmoins s'interroger sur la pertinence du terme, et mettre en Ă©vidence des effets de style. Les discours sur les diasporas privilĂ©gient la recomposition de nouveaux modes « d'ĂȘtre ensemble » dans la dispersion, en construisant bien souvent des rĂ©ponses positives aux situations d'exil, d'immigration, voire d'exclusion. Cette perspective ne favorise-elle pas le gommage du politique et l'occultation des processus de domination Ă  l'oeuvre et des formes supĂ©rieures du pouvoir ?The notion of the diaspora has become inscribed in a new dynamic of collective identities and in France, it has seen a renewed surge of interest among anthropologists, geographers, sociologists and political scientists. Rather than draw up typologies, the article attempt to desentangle the links between this notion and social reality. The new category of « otherness » requires clarification of what is at stake in self-designation (why do certain groups claim the status of being part of a diaspora?) and have the criteria of  social science research led to the existence of « real diasporas »?If the growing use of this notion is linked to upheavals in international order, the question still arises of the pertinence of the term. The discussion of diasporas privileges the recomposition of new ways of « being together » in dispersion, often by constructing positive answers to situations of exile, immigration or even exclusion. Does not this perspective favor an erasure of the political, a concealment of dominating processes at work

    Janine Altounian, La Survivance. Traduire le trauma collectif

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    Human PKR Transfected into Murine Cells Stimulates Expression of Genes under Control of the HIV1 or HTLV-I LTR

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    AbstractWe have analyzed the effect of transfection into murine NIH/3T3 cells of the human dsRNA-activated kinase PKR on the expression of the ÎČ-galactosidase reporter gene, placed under control of the HIV1 or the HTLV-I LTR. ÎČ-Galactosidase expression is stimulated when the reporter plasmids are cotransfected with wild-type PKR but inhibited when cotransfected with a catalytically inactive mutant PKR. In the case of HIV1, ÎČ-galactosidase expression was not stimulated when cotransfection was carried out with PKR harboring mutations in the dsRNA binding domains, indicating that stimulation depends on the classical mode of PKR activation through dsRNA binding. In contrast, the dsRNA binding mutants of PKR could still partially stimulate ÎČ-galactosidase expression from the HTLV-I LTR, suggesting that PKR activation in this case may involve different/additional mechanisms. These results show that, in addition to the known down-regulation of protein synthesis through eIF2 phosphorylation, PKR can also positively stimulate gene expressionin vivo,most probably through phosphorylation of a substrate distinct from eIF2

    Introduction

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    Le projet d'un numĂ©ro sur le statut de l'Ă©crit et de l'Ă©criture en anthropologie correspondait Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© d'interroger la question de la traduction de la connaissance anthropologique Ă  travers la « pratique textuelle ». L'idĂ©e de pratique textuelle se distingue de la notion classique de texte Ă©crit : elle suppose l'Ă©criture comme un acte et considĂšre le texte comme une inscription non close, porteur d'une multitude d'Ă©clairages. Cette multiplicitĂ© d'Ă©clairages fut de toute Ă©vidence la quĂȘ..

    MxA Gene Expression after Live Virus Vaccination: A Sensitive Marker for Endogenous Type I Interferon

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    MxA gene expression is known to be regulated tightly and exclusively by type I interferons (IFNs). The kinetics of MxA gene expression was analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 healthy volunteers vaccinated with the 17-D strain of yellow fever virus. A reliable induction of MxA RNA and MxA protein was found in the absence of easily detectable serum IFN activity. Thus, steady-state MxA RNA levels were elevated 8- to 30-fold above prevaccination levels on day 5 after vaccination. The average increase of MxA protein was ∌50-fold. In contrast, no induction of MxA RNA or MxA protein was detectable in 3 similarly vaccinated controls who were immune because of previous vaccinations. The IFN marker 2â€Č-5â€Č-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase known to react to both type I and type II IFNs showed a similar response but did not differentiate equally well between nonimmune and immune vaccinees. ÎČ2-microglobulin and neopterin reacted poorly, remaining at low levels within the normal range. These results demonstrate that MxA gene expression is a good marker for detecting minute quantities of biologically active type I IFN during viral infection

    Targeting surface nucleolin with multivalent HB-19 and related Nucant pseudopeptides results in distinct inhibitory mechanisms depending on the malignant tumor cell type

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nucleolin expressed at the cell surface is a binding protein for a variety of ligands implicated in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. By using a specific antagonist that binds the C-terminal RGG domain of nucleolin, the HB-19 pseudopeptide, we recently reported that targeting surface nucleolin with HB-19 suppresses progression of established human breast tumor cells in the athymic nude mice, and delays development of spontaneous melanoma in the RET transgenic mice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>By the capacity of HB-19 to bind stably surface nucleolin, we purified and identified nucleolin partners at the cell surface. HB-19 and related multivalent Nucant pseudopeptides, that present pentavalently or hexavalently the tripeptide Lysψ(CH<sub>2</sub>N)-Pro-Arg, were then used to show that targeting surface nucleolin results in distinct inhibitory mechanisms on breast, prostate, colon carcinoma and leukemia cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Surface nucleolin exists in a 500-kDa protein complex including several other proteins, which we identified by microsequencing as two Wnt related proteins, Ku86 autoantigen, signal recognition particle subunits SRP68/72, the receptor for complement component gC1q-R, and ribosomal proteins S4/S6. Interestingly, some of the surface-nucleolin associated proteins are implicated in cell signaling, tumor cell adhesion, migration, invasion, cell death, autoimmunity, and bacterial infections. Surface nucleolin in the 500-kDa complex is highly stable. Surface nucleolin antagonists, HB-19 and related multivalent Nucant pseudopeptides, exert distinct inhibitory mechanisms depending on the malignant tumor cell type. For example, in epithelial tumor cells they inhibit cell adhesion or spreading and induce reversion of the malignant phenotype (BMC cancer 2010, <b>10</b>:325) while in leukemia cells they trigger a rapid cell death associated with DNA fragmentation. The fact that these pseudopeptides do not cause cell death in epithelial tumor cells indicates that cell death in leukemia cells is triggered by a specific signaling mechanism, rather than nonspecific cellular injury.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results suggest that targeting surface nucleolin could change the organization of the 500-kDa complex to interfere with the proper functioning of surface nucleolin and the associated proteins, and thus lead to distinct inhibitory mechanisms. Consequently, HB-19 and related Nucant pseudopeptides provide novel therapeutic opportunities in treatment of a wide variety of cancers and related malignancies.</p

    La modification des Juifs de france

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    Martine Hovanessian – Pensez-vous que la notion de communautĂ© tant discutĂ©e de nos jours par les anthropologues et les sociologues, en raison d’une homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© supposĂ©e, a une quelconque pertinence pour ce qui concerne les Juifs de France ? Vos rĂ©fĂ©rences Ă  l’histoire permettent-elles de dĂ©celer des perma­nences et des Ă©volutions du lien communautaire ? Quels seraient alors maintenant les principes organisateurs de ce lien ? Richard Marienstras – L’histoire moderne des Juifs de France commenc..
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