All the King’s Horses, All the King’s Elephants: The Fates of Royal Animals in Nepal’s Post-Monarchy Period

In May of 2008, Nepal’s 240-year-old monarchy was legally dissolved. In the wake of this dissolution, the new interim government sought to replace royal institutions, procedures, and ceremonies with new, parallel processes. One unexpected royal legacy that politicians needed to resolve was that of the former royal animals that had been connected to the position of the King. The king of Nepal and palace institutions had been responsible for the welfare of a range of animals: private royal horses, a palace dairy herd, elephants in Chitwan, and an aviary of pheasants. Many of Nepal’s ex-royal animals have survived for years after the monarchy’s collapse, and many of them were left vulnerable, with no one clearly responsible for or dedicated to them in the new political context. The peculiar and marginalized fates of Nepal’s ex-royal animals highlight the profound institutional complexity the monarchy once entailed, and the far-reaching consequences of its dissolution. They also reveal the grudging and complex ways that parliamentary politicians and bureaucrats have handled some of the more inconvenient legacies of the institution they eliminated

If Mothers Had Their Say: Research Informed Intervention Design for Empowering Mothers to Establish Smoke-free Homes

Fourth Student Poster Presentation. Presenter: Sheila Barnhart - "If Mothers Had Their Say: Research Informed Intervention Design for Empowering Mothers to Establish Smoke-free Homes".The Ohio State University College of Social WorkThe College of Social Work Doctoral Student Organizatio

Adaptive Flutter Test Vane: Low Net Passive Stiffness (LNPS) Techniques for Deflection Amplification of Piezoelectric Actuators

This document outlines the design, development and testing of an adaptive flutter test surface utilizing low net passive stiffness (LNPS) actuator configurations for deflection amplification. The device uses a tapered piezoelectric bender actuator in an aerodynamic shell which pivots about the quarter-chord. Laminated plate theory is used to capture the unamplified deflection levels. A unique reverse-bias spring mechanism enables LNPS techniques, generating a 5:1 amplification ratio from baseline deflection levels with negligible weight penalty and no degradation in blocked moments. The adaptive flutter test vane and associated spar-mounting hardware have a combined weight of only 2 lb and consume less than 1W of peak power at maximum actuation voltage. The significance of the relatively low installed weight is apparent when considering the effect on the modal mass of the aircraft. It can be shown that a reduction in weight from the current state-of-the-art 18+ lb (installed) DEI vane to a 2 lb adaptive flutter test vane (installed) improves the normalized first natural frequency of flap in a wing from approximately 60% to 90% in light aircraft classes - all but eliminating the detrimental effect of additional mass on the accuracy of flutter prediction. Quasi-static and dynamic wind tunnel testing shows excellent correlation with bench tests and theory. Maximum deflection levels were recorded in excess of 8 deg. peak-to-peak, with a corner frequency in excess of 50 Hz. Wind tunnel tests were performed up to 110 ft/s with change in lift forces on the order of 1.45 lbf. This paper focuses on the testing and evaluation of the aforementioned hardware for applications in certification of small aircraft in the general aviation (GA), light sport (LSA), homebuilt and ultralight classes

An Experimental Investigation of Flow Patterns and Liquid Entrainment in a Horizontal-Tube Evaporator

An experimental study of two-phase flow patterns and droplet entrainment in a horizontal-tube evaporator was conducted. The study is an element of the worldwide change from the current generation of refrigerants to chemicals with reduced ozone-depletion and global-warming potential. Measurements were made with serpentine aluminum and glass evaporators with geometries typical of those used for domestic refrigeration. The refrigerant in the majority of tests was R134a (tetrafluoroethane), which will replace R12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) for domestic refrigeration and automotive air-conditioning applications in 1995. Baseline data with R12 and R22 (chlorodifluoromethane, currently used in residential air conditioners) were also recorded. The phenomenon of primary interest was the non-equilibrium transport of liquid droplets within slightly superheated vapor at the evaporator exit. In sufficient quantity, such liquid would prove detrimental to evaporator performance by increasing the vapor superheat level at a given heat duty and reducing the effective temperature difference between refrigerant and air. Also of concern were substantial variations in carry over rate with time, and corresponding fluctuations in exit temperature. These variations are due to the formation of slugs far upstream in the evaporator which rapidly transport a surplus of liquid toward the exit. A flow loop was constructed to circulate oil-free refrigerant through the evaporator under conditions spanning those of domestic refrigerator operation. Liquid carry over (expressed as a dimensionless entrained mass fraction, or EMF) was measured as a function of inlet quality, heat flux, mass flux and exit superheat level. A laser-based phase/Doppler particle analyzer was used to measure droplet diameters and velocities within an optical probe volume at the evaporator exit. Videotapes and still photographs of flow patterns within the glass evaporator were made. Two types of experiments -- time-averaged and time-resolved -- were conducted. The former revealed the quantitative dependence of EMF on the independent variables, while the latter documented the relationship between EMF and flow-regime transitions within the evaporator. Tests with three refrigerants over wide ranges of operating conditions revealed time averaged EMFs of no more than 0.1 percent Thus, liquid carry over does not significantly affect the performance of the evaporator as a heat exchanger. Analysis of variance (ANDY A) revealed exit superheat to have the strongest effect on entrained mass fraction, followed by mass flux, inlet quality and heat flux. Time-averaged EMFs varied with operating conditions by several orders of magnitude, decreasing with increasing superheat level (due to lower entrainment rates near the exit and more rapid droplet vaporization) and mass flux and inlet quality (due to a lower liquid inventory in the first few evaporator passes). An expression relating EMF to dimensionless forms of the independent variables was developed via nonlinear multiple regression.The incidence of slug flow within the evaporator and its effect on evaporator exit conditions were documented in the time-resolved experiments, using techniques such as autoand cross-correlation and Fourier transform. Time-resolved EMFs as high as one percent were observed, as well as sharp reductions in exit superheat of as much as 8??C. These coincided with the arrival at the exit of slug remnants in the form of entrained droplet clusters. The distribution of superheat readings with time was found to follow a Rayleigh probability density function. This finding will facilitate the use of the superheat reading in control strategies, should it become necessary to actively control refrigerant flow rate.Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center Project 1