Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Selulosa Mikrokristal dari Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr)

Selulosa mikrokristal merupakan eksipien yang digunakan pada pembuatan tablet kempa langsung yaitu sebagai zat pengisi, pengikat, dan penghancur dan dapat diisolasi dari tumbuhan berserat. Tumbuhan berserat yang berlimpah di Indonesia salah satunya adalah buah nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr). Selulosa mikrokristal yang diisolasi dari buah nanas dengan metode hidrolisis asam HCl 2,5 N pada suhu 105 selama 10-15 menit dihasilkan selulosa mikrokristal berupa serbuk halus berwarna putih kekuningan, tidak berasa dan tidak berbau dengan rendemen 10,68%. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa selulosa mikrokristal dari buah nanas sudah memenuhi syarat di literatur dengan nilai susut pengeringan 3,26%; sisa pemijaran 0,087%; pH 6,43; cemaran bakteri 10 cfu/g; cemaran jamur 0 cfu/g; logam berat 0,01 mg/L; bilangan permanganat 2,74%; dan ukuran partikel 141,3 m. Hasil analisis dengan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa selulosa mikrokristal hasil isolasi memiliki gugus fungsi yang serupa dengan Avicel PH-102 dan hasil pengamatan morfologi dari selulosa mikrokristal buah nanas dengan SEM memiliki bentuk agak bulat beraturan, sudut runcing yang sedikit, dan permukaan yang tidak rata

COMPARISON OF THIMEROSAL EFFECTIVENESS IN THE FORMULATION OF EYE DROPS CONTAINING NEOMYCIN SULFATE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL

Objective: This study was aimed to compare the preservative efficacy of thimerosal in eye drops formulation containing neomycin sulfate and chloramphenicol as the active agents.Methods: Determination of thimerosal concentration in combinations with chloramphenicol and neomycin sulfate was carried out using the agar diffusion method. Then the thimerosal ineffective and minimal concentration was formulated into eye drops, each with 0.5% neomycin sulfate and 0.5% chloramphenicol as the active ingredient. Evaluation of eye drops was carried out for 28 d, which included: visual observation, pH measurement, sterility, and effectiveness test.Results: Thimerosal at a minimum concentration of 0.001% remain to provide antibacterial activity against common eyes contaminants. Both eyes drops containing neomycin sulfate, and chloramphenicol resulted in clear solution, sterile, and stable in the pH and antibacterial potency,showed the efficacy of thimerosal's role in eye drops at the lowest concentration. But, the thimerosal stability as a preservative agent was affected by the pH values of the eye drops solution. Therefore, the effectivity of thimerosal in chloramphenicol (pH 7.19-7.22) was better than neomycin sulfate (6.45-6.60). Compared with F0 (without thimerosal), the increasing of inhibitory diameter in F1 and F2 from both eyes drops formula exhibited the significant role of thimerosal as the preservative agent. The synergistic effect of the preservative agent in the formula produced a better product stability than the eye drop without thimerosal. Conclusion: Thimerosal at a minimum concentration of 0.001% exhibited effective concentration as a preservative in eye drops containing 0.5% neomycin sulfate and 0.5% chloramphenicol

EFFECT OF STERILIZATION BY HEATING IN THE PRESENCE OF BACTERICIDE AND BACTERIAL FILTERED MEMBRANE ON THE STABILITY OF EYE DROPS CONTAINING 0.5% CHLORAMPHENICOL AT VARIOUS pH

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine a sterile 0.5% chloramphenicol eye drop formula with the best potency of antibacterial by determining the appropriate sterilization method and the supporting pH. Methods: 0.5% chloramphenicol was formulated with 0.01% thimerosal, which act as a bactericide and combines with borate buffer to produce eye drop formulas with variations in pH (6.8, 7.0 and 7.4). All formulas were stored at room temperature for 28 d and were evaluated, including: organoleptic of the preparations, sterility, pH stability, and the antibacterial potency of chloramphenicol in eye drops. Results: All dosage formulas did not undergo photodegradation reactions which were marked by no change in color until the end of the storage period. However, the formula with pH 6.8 which was sterilized by heating in a presence of bactericide, showed the presence of more particulate precipitates than in the pH 6.8 formula which was sterilized using membrane filter bacteria. However, both methods of sterilization produced sterile chloramphenicol eye drops. The preparation using a method of heat sterilization with bactericide decreased the pH greater than the preparation using a sterile bacterial filter sterilization method. C2 preparations at pH 7.0 and sterilized using the bacterial filter membrane sterilization method were more stable because they had the smallest pH change of 0.05 and the percentage reduction in antibacterial potential was smaller at 1.15%. Conclusion: The best treatment for the chloramphenicol eye drop was kept the pH formula at pH 7 and sterilized using bacterial filter membrane sterilization method

Microcrystalline Cellulose as Pharmaceutical Excipient

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor (type Iβ), obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids using hydrochloric acid to reduce the degree of polymerization. The MCC can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, steam explosion, and acid hydrolysis. It is commonly manufactured by spray-drying the neutralized aqueous slurry of hydrolyzed cellulose. The MCC is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and other industries. MMC obtained from different sources will differ considerably in chemical composition, structural organization, and physicochemical properties (crystallinity, moisture content, surface area and porous structure, molecular weight, etc.). The high demand of microcrystalline cellulose used in pharmaceutical industries has led to the utilization of locally and naturally occurring materials in the production of microcrystalline cellulose. Many studies on the physicochemical properties of locally produced MCC derived from natural sources have been extensively evaluated in the development of a new natural source for MCC as a substitution of wood, the most abundant one

SIMPLE DESIGN OF MINIATURIZED CABINET FOR COMPOUNDING VITAMIN C EFFERVESCENT TABLET IN LABORATORY SCALE

Objective: The aim of this study was to design miniaturized cabinet that needs the tight requirements in formulating the ingredients of the effervescent tablets to minimize the relative humidity value in order to prevent the initial effervescent reaction.Methods: The compounding workspace was created by designing cabinet arranged with special equipment so that the humidity and temperature of the mixing chamber could be monitored. The conditioning of the workspace was carried out using a variety of methods ie lights, active silica gel and a combination of both during certain observation times. In this study, all of the components in the effervescent tablet formula were mixed using two steps of the wet granulation method. The evaluation of effervescent tablets included: the appearance of the tablet, diameter, tablet thickness, weight uniformity, hardness, friability, tablet disintegration time, pH of the solution, and hedonic test.Results: The results of moisture control optimization indicated that the most rapid method of lowering moisture was using a combination of active light and silica gel. After 100 min, this method could decreased the relative humidity (RH) by 0.415% per min. Based on the evaluation results, all formulas achieved the requirements of good effervescent tablets.Conclusion: In this research, the design of compounding cabinets with dimensions of 60x40x59.5 cm was proven to produce effervescent tablets that fulfill the requirements

ANTIHYPERURICEMIA SCREENING OF Mimosa pudica L. HERB EXTRACT THROUGH ITS ANALGESICS AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY ASSAY

Traditionally, herbs of Mimosa pudica L. are being usedto treat insomnia, hematuria, inflammation, emesis,dismenorrhoea, menorrhagia, arthritis rhematoid, convultion,depresion, and diabetes. Previous in vitro studyshowed that herbs extract of Mimosa pudica L inhibiteduric acid formation via xanthine oxidase inhibition of82.11 and 62.10% for concentration of 125 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. Hyperuricemia is indicated by pain andoedema which are the symptoms of inflammation. This invivo study was perfor-med to screen antihyperuricemiaactivity of herbs extract of Mimosa pudica L throughanalgesic and antiinflammatory assays on mice.Analgesic activity of Mimosa pudica L herb extract atdosage of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight wasobserved on mice using writhing reflex method withacetic acid 0,07 % as inducer. The results showed thatall three dosages inhibited pain at the percentage of9.58, 45.35, and 60.28% respectively. Antiinflammatoryactivity assay was done using carageenan-induced pawedema method on white male rats. Dosages used were250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight. The resultsshowed that all three dosages inhibited edema at thepercentages of 35.20, 42.74, and 51.10% respectively. It isconcluded that herbs extract of Mimosa pudica L can beproposed as an antihyperuricemia.Keywords: Antihyperuricemia, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory,Mimosa pudica L

Correlation between Phase Behavior and Interfacial Tension for Mixtures of Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactant with Waxy Oil

Phase behavior tests in the surfactant screening process for EOR applications remain one of the relatively convenient ways to design an optimum surfactant formulation. However, phase behavior studies are unable to provide quantitative data for interfacial tension, which is one of the parameters that must be considered when selecting surfactants for EOR. Several studies related to the prediction of interfacial tension through phase behavior testing have been carried out. In this paper, the Huh correlation was used to estimate the interfacial tension value based on phase behavior tests. It was found that the current form of the Huh correlation may be applied for the below-to-optimum salinity condition. Furthermore, the constants of the equation vary depending on the surfactant type and mixtures. 

COMPARISON OF PRESERVATIVES EFFICACY OF BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE, THIMEROSAL AND BENZYL ALCOHOL IN EYE DROP PRODUCTS CONTAINING CHLORAMPHENICOL

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the preservative efficacy of benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal and benzyl alcohol in eye drops formulation containing chloramphenicol as the active agents for producing the sterile and effective eye drops.Methods: The efficacy of preservatives was assayed by evaluating the physical appearance, pH stability, sterility and the antibacterial effectivity of the formulated eye drops. Each of 0.5% chloramphenicol was formulated with different preservatives of benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal and benzyl alcohol at its recommended concentration, 0.01%; 0.01% and 1%, respectively. The in vitro stability was examined periodically for the eye drops formulation stored at room temperature during the 28-day period. The effectiveness of the antibacterial effect of chloramphenicol in eye drops was assayed by using the agar diffusion method against Escherichia coli and evaluated for the diameter of inhibition zones. Result: The clarity of the eye drops formula produced clear solutions. The eye drops formula exhibited relatively stabile on pH. All the formulated eye drops were sterile during the storage time. The appropriate of the sterilization method was thought to contribute to the sterility of eye drops which did not contain preservatives. In addition, it was assumed that the pre-reaction of chloramphenicol in inhibiting the contaminants in the eye drop may occur during the storage time. This hypothesis was confirmed by the inhibitory diameter stability produced by the eye drop formulas containing preservatives compared to that of not. The decrease in inhibition diameter occurred during the storage period (28 d) of each formula was as follows: F0 (51.58%), F1 (35.76%), F2 (31.86%), and F3 (35.35%). The best stability based on the antibacterial activity of the chloramphenicol eye drops was produced by F2 which used 0.01% thimerosal as its preservative. The differences in inhibition diameter were significantly influenced by the presence and the type of preservatives. Conclusion: 0.01% thimerosal indicated the best improvement on the efficacy of 0.5% chloramphenicol eye drop

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI ACNE GEL CONTAINING CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA FRUIT JUICE USING CARBOPOL AS GELLING AGENT

Objective: The objective of this study was to design a product of anti-acne gel containing Citrus aurantifolia fruit juice as an effective antibacterial to treat acne caused by Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis using carbopol as a gelling agent. Methods: The fresh juice of C. aurantifolia fruit was obtained by juicer and pasteurized for 30 min at 65-70 °C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fruit juice was determined using the microdilution method. Then, carbopol in different concentration was incorporated in a gel base formula to obtain a stable gel base. The fresh juice in different formulas (F1, F2 and F3) was evaluated for 28 d. The color, pH and viscosity of each formula were observed. In addition, the antibacterial potency of each formula was analyzed using the agar diffusion method against both tested bacteria. Results: The citrus MIC values of both test bacteria showed different results, 20-40 % v/v for P. acne and 5-10 % v/v for S. epidermidis. The MIC values were converted into in vivo concentration and the resulted concentrations for each formula were 25, 50 and 75 % v/v. For supporting the formula, the most stable base gel was achieved using carbopol 1 % as the gelling agent. Among three formulas, the anti-acne gel formula containing 75 % fruit juice with carbopol 1% was the best formula based on the physical and microbiological parameter. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that the antiacne gel of fruit juice of C. aurantifolia with carbopol as a gelling agent could produce the effective and stable gel of anti-acne product

NEW APPROACH TO FLARE GAS RECOVERY SYSTEM USING INTEGRATED RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS FOR SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE BY MONETIZING GAS

Flare gas is light hydrocarbon gas, by product of any petroleum industry activities, that is flared; and it could not pass into production facilities due its to low pressure. The gas flare volume frequently is significant, causing greenhouse gas emissions which gives serious environmental issue. Aims: The purpose of this research is to utilize flare gas in oil and gas fields to reduce environmental issue. Methodology and Results: Flare gas in an oil producing field is compressed to produce higher pressure gas flow, by using three one-stage Integrated Reciprocating Compressors to enter the production trunk line. The gas is flown to CO2 Removal Plant, as the gas would be gas sales. The subject field in West Java, the production wells experiences pressure decline; resulting the wellhead flowing pressure becomes low, so the gas is being flared. The gas flare recovery system is economically profitable both for purchase and rental scenarios. Renting the equipment is more profitable and has lower technical risk, because all risks is burdened to rental service provider. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Monetizing flare gas will reduce environmental issue, and it is utilized for own use or gas sales. The best Economics Scenario is rental scenario