Trade Negotiations between the EU and South Africa: A Three-Level Game

This article develops and uses an adapted version of Putnam's two- (extended to three-) level game model to analyse the EU agenda-setting process in the negotiations between the EU and South Africa that led to the Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement in 1999. The article argues that the model needs to place its domestic focus at the level of the Commission, rather than at the level of the Member States. It demonstrates that the negotiations within the Commission, as well as the location of the Commission negotiating team within DG Development, were central for understanding the EU agenda and the final outcome of the negotiations. Copyright (c) 2007 The Author(s); Journal compilation (c) 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

The enabling factor: the influence of US-EU cooperation on UN peace operations

The article analyzes the influence of US-EU cooperation on the UN decision-making process in the area of peace operations and its impact in the period 1991-2008. The article claims that US-EU cooperation transforms the positional power of the US, the EU and its member states into a coalition with dominant influence in the area of UN peace operations and becomes an enabling factor for the authorization of UN peace operations.The article analyzes the influence of US-EU cooperation on the UN decision-making process in the area of peace operations and its impact in the period 1991 - 2008. The article claims that US-EU cooperation transforms the positional power of the US, the EU and its member states into a coalition with dominant influence in the area of UN peace operations and becomes an enabling factor for the authorization of UN peace operations