Scanning electron microscopic observation.

<p>Day 6 BMDCs were treated with LPS (1 µg/mL) and/or FTY720 (500 nM) for additional 48 h before SEM observation. Scale bar = 5 µm.</p

Media 3: Graphene oxide-deposited microfiber: a new photothermal device for various microbubble generation

Originally published in Optics Express on 30 December 2013 (oe-21-26-31862

Cytometric Bead Array analysis.

<p>CBA assays on IL-10 (<b>A</b>), IL-6 (<b>B</b>), TNF-α (<b>C</b>), IL-12 (<b>D</b>), IFN-γ (<b>E</b>) and MCP-1 (<b>F</b>) were shown in their respective panels. For these assays, Day 6 BMDCs were treated with LPS (1 µg/mL) and/or FTY720 (500 nM) for 24 h. The culture supernatants of each group were subjected to CBA analysis by flow cytometry. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3. The cytokine concentrations were calculated from the standard curve (<i>R</i>²>0.95) via data analysis by a four parameter linear fitting program provided by the manufacturer.</p

Topographical and morphological changes of BMDCs upon LPS-activation are reversible by FTY720.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Morphologies of LPS- and/or FTY720- treated BMDCs. Day 6 BMDCs were exposed to LPS (1 µg/ml) and/or FTY720 (500 nM) for additional 48 h, followed by microscopic observations. Scale bar  = 20 µm. (<b>B</b>) Statistical results on the shape indices of each group. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 20 (20 cells randomly selected from high power fields from 3 separate experiments). Atomic force microscope observations on the untreated (<b>C</b>), FTY720 alone (<b>D</b>), LPS alone (<b>E</b>) and LPS+FTY720- (<b>F</b>) treated groups were shown as representative images. Enlarged areas were indicated in squares in dark and green, respectively. The statistical results of the cell volume (<b>G</b>), RMS roughness (<b>H</b>) and peak to valley distance (<b>I</b>) are analyzed and shown in histograms. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 10 (10 cells randomly selected from 3 separate experiments).</p

CCR7 transcription, NO production as well as phagocytosis and endocytosis of BMDCs.

<p>(<b>A</b>) CCR7 mRNA production analysis. Day 6 BMDCs were treated with LPS (1 µg/mL) and/or FTY720 (500 nM) for 24 h. Total mRNA were extracted, reverse transcripted and quantified by the real-time PCR. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3. (<b>B</b>) Nitric oxide production assays. Supernatants of cells with similar treatments were obtained and analyzed by diazotization reaction and colorimetry. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3. (<b>C</b>) Phagocytosis assay of BMDCs. Day 6 BMDCs were treated with LPS (1 µg/ml) alone or FTY720 (500 nM) alone for 24 h and subjected to fluorescence-conjugated beads uptake assays. Representative of results on the percentage of phagocytes were shown in each flow chart. Statistical analysis on the percentage of phagocytotic cells were presented as mean ± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3. (<b>D</b>) Endocytosis assay of BMDCs. Similar experimental design to (<b>C</b>) were employed. Cells were treated with FITC-conjugated dextran and analyzed by FACS. Representative results on the percentage of endocytotic cells were shown. Statistical data were presented as mean ± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3.</p

Cell viability determination.

<p>(<b>A</b>) MTT assays on the bone marrow cells. Mouse bone marrow cells were isolated and exposed to FTY720 with different concentrations for 48 h. Cytotoxicity was indicated by the ratio of OD_FTY720 to OD_control. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3. (<b>B</b>) MTT assays on BMDCs. Day 6 BMDCs were treated with FTY720 at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 µM for 48 h. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3. (<b>C</b>) Apoptosis assays on BMDCs. The cell death rates of BMDCs was determined by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining flow cytometry. Cells were treated with FTY720 for 48 h at concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 10 µM.</p

FTY720 alters the surface phenotype of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells upon LPS activation.

<p>Expression of CD11c (<b>A</b>), MHC II molecule I-A^d (<b>B</b>), CD80 (<b>C</b>), CD86 (<b>D</b>) and CD40 (<b>E</b>) was shown in their respective panels. For these assays, mouse bone marrow cells were differentiated for 6 d to prepare BMDCs that were exposed to LPS (1 µg/mL) and/or FTY720 (500 nM) for additional 24 h. Representative results out of three independent experiments were shown. The mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) of each marker were analyzed for statistical difference. *<i>P</i><0.05, n = 3.</p

Media 1: Graphene oxide-deposited microfiber: a new photothermal device for various microbubble generation

Originally published in Optics Express on 30 December 2013 (oe-21-26-31862

Media 2: Graphene oxide-deposited microfiber: a new photothermal device for various microbubble generation

Originally published in Optics Express on 30 December 2013 (oe-21-26-31862

Upconversion Luminescence of Graphene Oxide through Hybrid Waveguide

Phonon-assisted upconversion is a promising way to generate short-wavelength emissions under excitation of long wavelength based on unique anti-Stokes luminescence properties. Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) exhibit excellent optical properties owing to quantum confinement and edge effects, which have driven research into fundamental principles and potential applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate upconversion emission by exciting an easily fabricated GON hybrid waveguide (GHW) with enhanced photothermal effects. The results reveal different origins of short-wavelength range and long-wavelength range in the upconversion spectra, whereas the emissive surface defects of GONs and GHW structure play significant roles in the behavior of photoluminescence. Introducing other upconversion materials to promote emission efficiency, the hybrid waveguide system might readily provide the possibility for the construction of upconversion fiber lasers and remote control of the upconversion luminescence