The emergence and diversification of a zoonotic pathogen from within the microbiota of intensively farmed pigs

The expansion and intensification of livestock production is predicted to promote the emergence of pathogens. As pathogens sometimes jump between species, this can affect the health of humans as well as livestock. Here, we investigate how livestock microbiota can act as a source of these emerging pathogens through analysis of Streptococcus suis, a ubiquitous component of the respiratory microbiota of pigs that is also a major cause of disease on pig farms and an important zoonotic pathogen. Combining molecular dating, phylogeography, and comparative genomic analyses of a large collection of isolates, we find that several pathogenic lineages of S. suis emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, during an early period of growth in pig farming. These lineages have since spread between countries and continents, mirroring trade in live pigs. They are distinguished by the presence of three genomic islands with putative roles in metabolism and cell adhesion, and an ongoing reduction in genome size, which may reflect their recent shift to a more pathogenic ecology. Reconstructions of the evolutionary histories of these islands reveal constraints on pathogen emergence that could inform control strategies, with pathogenic lineages consistently emerging from one subpopulation of S. suis and acquiring genes through horizontal transfer from other pathogenic lineages. These results shed light on the capacity of the microbiota to rapidly evolve to exploit changes in their host population and suggest that the impact of changes in farming on the pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of S. suis is yet to be fully realized

The emergence and diversification of a zoonotic pathogen from within the microbiota of intensively farmed pigs

The expansion and intensification of livestock production is predicted to promote the emergence of pathogens. As pathogens sometimes jump between species, this can affect the health of humans as well as livestock. Here, we investigate how livestock microbiota can act as a source of these emerging pathogens through analysis of Streptococcus suis, a ubiquitous component of the respiratory microbiota of pigs that is also a major cause of disease on pig farms and an important zoonotic pathogen. Combining molecular dating, phylogeography, and comparative genomic analyses of a large collection of isolates, we find that several pathogenic lineages of S. suis emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, during an early period of growth in pig farming. These lineages have since spread between countries and continents, mirroring trade in live pigs. They are distinguished by the presence of three genomic islands with putative roles in metabolism and cell adhesion, and an ongoing reduction in genome size, which may reflect their recent shift to a more pathogenic ecology. Reconstructions of the evolutionary histories of these islands reveal constraints on pathogen emergence that could inform control strategies, with pathogenic lineages consistently emerging from one subpopulation of S. suis and acquiring genes through horizontal transfer from other pathogenic lineages. These results shed light on the capacity of the microbiota to rapidly evolve to exploit changes in their host population and suggest that the impact of changes in farming on the pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of S. suis is yet to be fully realized.This work was primarily funded by an EU Horizon 2020 grant “PIGSs” (727966) and a ZELS BBSRC award “Myanmar Pigs Partnership (MPP)” (BB/L018934/1). G.G.R.M., E.L.M., and L.A.W. were supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship to L.A.W. jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (109385/Z/15/Z). N.H. was supported by a Challenge grant from the Royal Society (CH16011) and an Isaac Newton Trust Research Grant [17.24(u)]. G.G.R.M. was also supported by a Research Fellowship at Newnham College. S.B. is supported by the Medical Research Council (MR/V032836/1). PIC North America provided part of the funds for the sequencing of the isolates from the USA. A.J.B. and M.M. were funded by Medical Research Council and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council studentships respectively, and M.M. was co-funded by the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Fund. We would like to acknowledge Susanna Williamson at the APHA for providing samples, Oscar Cabezón for sampling of the wild boar population in Spain, Mark O’Dea for access to sequence data from Australian isolates, the PIGSs and MPP consortiums for providing samples and helpful discussions, Julian Parkhill and John Welch for helpful discussions, and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions for improving the manuscript. This research was funded in whole or in part by the Wellcome Trust. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM) version arising from this submission.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

XPND: Storing XML in Relational Database Systems Using Mapping Approach

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used for representing data over the web. Database systems are well-known for consistent storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data. Storing XML documents in relational databases uses two kinds of approaches: Model mapping and Structured mapping. This paper explores a model mapping approach for storing XML data in relational database. XML documents could be easily stored in relational databases through XPND's three tables: Path table, Node table and Data table. Path table maintains path expressions. Node table stores all node ID’s along with node names. Data table stores corresponding node values in it. This paper also proposes an algorithm that shows how the nodes of the XML document are stored in terms of tables in database

The System of XML Extraction from Relational Databases Based on Document Object Model

EXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a self-describing meta-language and fast emerging a standard for Web data exchange among various applications. XML is also a new technology that attracts a great deal of interest and dominates some areas of information system development. Relational database is a mature technology that dominates the implementation of database system. This paper implements the irregular varies structures to regular structures and can be extracted XML document by using the table-based mapping into relational databases. It proposes the system that extracts the XML document from the data stored in the database. It provides a generalised mapping between relational databases and XML document that is based on Document Access Definition (DAD) and the tree structure of the Document Object Model (DOM). In this paper, the system is proposed for storing nodes of input XML document as a relational tuple by node numbering scheme. It reduces the redundant components of XML document, collects and stores the elements and contents according to their same paths

Hair Symbolism at Set Set Yo Village, Ngathayouk Township, Nyaung U District

Hair is a part of the body, but it can also be seen as a vehicle to explain the history of society, beliefs, ideas, value and identity. This research aims to examine how the symbolism of hair functions at the Set Set Yo village, Ngathayouk Township, Mandalay Region. The research questions this paper examines are about how community revivals affect the symbolism of hair and how this relates to broader issues of community development. The research method is qualitative research with participant observation and it was conducted from 2015 to 2020. The research subjects are the village heads, village elders, children and the abbots. The hair symbolism of Set Set Yo village expresses the various meanings and various values to the villagers. It is also a mark that the old value of Sanyit Wine or Yaung Pae Suu and village institution are renewed and strengthened in the new context

Analyzing Rules to Detect Attacks in Unauthorized Accesses

Due to increasing incidents of cyber attacks,building effective intrusion detection systems areessential for protecting information systems security,and yet it remains an elusive goal and a great challenge.Current intrusion detection systems (IDS) examine alldata features to detect intrusion or misuse patterns andsome attacks were detected as normal attacks may bevulnerability the whole system. Some of the features maybe redundant or low importance during detectionprocess. This paper utilizes a procedure for analyzingthe attack features and developing rules by combiningsignature analysis with automated techniques toimprove readability, comprehensibility, and maintainabilityof rules. We apply one of the efficient datamining algorithms called random forests for networkintrusion detection. Empirical results prove that theproposed method can get the high accuracy in detectionthe attacks in unauthorized accesses such aswarezmaster attack and buffer overflow attack

Prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis and dairy farmers’ KAP in 2 townships, Myanmar

Brucellosis is a highly infectious zoonotic disease and has a great economic impact on dairy production. In Yangon Region of Myanmar, 0.47% seroprevalence of brucellosis in dairy cattle and 8 human IgG positive cases was reported. This study aims to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in dairy farms and its risk factors as well as to assess the current knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of dairy farmers regarding brucellosis. Our study was conducted in Hlegu and Taikkyi Township during September 2019 to January 2020. Pooled milk samples were collected from 174 dairy farms. Using Milk Ring Test (MRT), Brucella spp. was found in 30 dairy farms and the prevalence was 17.2%. Statistically significant farm factors associated with MRT positive results were farm location in Takkyi Township (Odds ratio (OR) 3.19; 95%CI =1.42, 7.15), pasture sharing (OR 3.43; 95%CI = 1.34, 8.76), and abortion (OR 2.68; 95% CI = 1.21, 5.98). Survey for the KAP for brucellosis in farmers indicated that good knowledge, attitudes and practices were in 35.1, 99.4, and 62.1% of the respondents, respectively. In conclusion, brucellosis was still a problem of dairy farms in study area and MRT can be used as a farm level screening test. Educational campaign for brucellosis prevention and control should be considered according to a lack of knowledge and inappropriate farm practices among dairy farmer