Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling cortical motor evoked potentials in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: correlation with incidence, onset and severity of disease

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a polygenic chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the nervous system, commonly used as an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Previous studies have identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling different aspects of disease pathogenesis. However, direct genetic control of cortical motor evoked potentials (cMEPs) as a straightforward measure of extent of demyelination or synaptic block has not been investigated earlier. Here, we examined the genetic control of different traits of EAE in a F2 intercross population generated from the EAE susceptible SJL/J (SJL) and the EAE resistant C57BL/10.S (B10.S) mouse strains involving 400 animals. The genotypes of 150 microsatellite markers were determined in each animal and correlated to phenotypic data of onset and severity of disease, cell infiltration and cMEPs. Nine QTLs were identified. Three sex-linked QTLs mapped to chromosomes 2, 10 and 18 linked to disease severity in females, whereas QTLs on chromosomes 1, 8 and 15 linked to the latency of the cMEPs. QTLs affecting T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte and microglia infiltration mapped on chromosomes 8 and 15. The cMEP-associated QTLs correlated with incidence, onset or severity of disease, e.g. QTL on chromosome 8, 32-48 cM (EAE 31) (LOD 6.9, P<0.001), associated to cMEP latencies in non-immunized mice and correlated with disease onset and EAE 32 on chromosome 15 linked to cMEP latencies 15 days post-immunization and correlated with disease severity. Additionally, applying tissue microarray technology, we identified QTLs associated to microglia and lymphocytes infiltration on chromosomes 8 and 15, which are different from the QTLs controlling cMEP latencies. There were no alterations in the morphological appearance of the myelin sheaths. Our findings suggest a possible role of myelin composition and/or synaptic transmission in susceptibility to EA

A phase I/II escalation trial design T-RAD : Treatment of metastatic lung cancer with mRNA-engineered T cells expressing a T cell receptor targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)

Funding Information: This research was funded the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (Grant number 2017075), the Research Council of Norway (Grant number: 244388), and the Radium Hospital Research Foundation. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Maggadóttir, Kvalheim, Wernhoff, Sæbøe-Larssen, Revheim, Josefsen, Wälchli, Helland and Inderberg.Background: Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with genetically modified T cells aims to redirect T cells against resistant cancers through introduction of a T cell receptor (TCR). The Radium-4 TCR was isolated from a responding patient in a cancer vaccination study and recognizes the enzymatic component of human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) presented on MHC class II (HLA-DP04). hTERT is a constitutively overexpressed tumor-associated antigen present in most human cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the second most common type of cancer worldwide. Treatment alternatives for relapsing NSCLC are limited and survival is poor. To improve patient outcome we designed a TCR-based ACT study targeting hTERT. Methods: T-RAD is a phase I/II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Radium-4 mRNA electroporated autologous T cells in the treatment of metastatic NSCLC with no other treatment option. Transient TCR expression is applied for safety considerations. Participants receive two intravenous injections with escalating doses of redirected T cells weekly for 6 consecutive weeks. Primary objectives are safety and tolerability. Secondary objectives include progression-free survival, time to progression, overall survival, patient reported outcomes and overall radiological response. Discussion: Treatment for metastatic NSCLC is scarce and new personalized treatment options are in high demand. hTERT is a tumor target applicable to numerous cancer types. This proof-of-concept study will explore for the first time the safety and efficacy of TCR mRNA electroporated autologous T cells targeting hTERT. The T-RAD study will thus evaluate an attractive candidate for future immunotherapy of solid tumors.Peer reviewe

A survey of the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of patients with suspected Lynch syndrome in Latin America

Background: Genetic counselling and testing for Lynch syndrome (LS) have recently been introduced in several Latin America countries. We aimed to characterize the clinical, molecular and mismatch repair (MMR) variants spectrum of patients with suspected LS in Latin America. Methods: Eleven LS hereditary cancer registries and 34 published LS databases were used to identify unrelated families that fulfilled the Amsterdam II (AMSII) criteria and/or the Bethesda guidelines or suggestive of a dominant colorectal (CRC) inheritance syndrome. Results: We performed a thorough investigation of 15 countries and identified 6 countries where germline genetic testing for LS is available and 3 countries where tumor testing is used in the LS diagnosis. The spectrum of pathogenic MMR variants included MLH1 up to 54%, MSH2 up to 43%, MSH6 up to 10%, PMS2 up to 3% and EPCAM up to 0.8%. The Latin America MMR spectrum is broad with a total of 220 different variants which 80% were private and 20% were recurrent. Frequent regions included exons 11 of MLH1 (15%), exon 3 and 7 of MSH2 (17 and 15%, respectively), exon 4 of MSH6 (65%), exons 11 and 13 of PMS2 (31% and 23%, respectively). Sixteen international founder variants in MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 were identified and 41 (19%) variants have not previously been reported, thus representing novel genetic variants in the MMR genes. The AMSII criteria was the most used clinical criteria to identify pathogenic MMR carriers although microsatellite instability, immunohistochemistry and family history are still the primary methods in several countries where no genetic testing for LS is available yet. Conclusion: The Latin America LS pathogenic MMR variants spectrum included new variants, frequently altered genetic regions and potential founder effects, emphasizing the relevance implementing Lynch syndrome genetic testing and counseling in all of Latin America countries.Radium Hospital Foundation (Oslo, Norway) in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript, Helse Sør-Øst (Norway) in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript, the French Association Recherche contre le Cancer (ARC) in the analysis, and interpretation of data, the Groupement des Entreprises Françaises dans la Lutte contre le Cancer (Gefluc) in the analysis, and interpretation of data, the Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (ANRT, CIFRE PhD fellowship to H.T.) in the analysis, and interpretation of data and by the OpenHealth Institute in the analysis, and interpretation of data. Barretos Cancer Hospital received financial support by FINEP-CT-INFRA (02/2010)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Specifity and genetic control of B cell reactivity in experimental arthritis

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) are animal models for human rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and can be induced in susceptible mouse and rat strains. CIA is induced by immunization of type II collagen (CII), a cartilage specific protein together with Freund’s adjuvant. PIA is induced by intradermal injection of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetrametylpentadecane). In rats, induction of CIA is both T and B-cell dependent, whereas PIA induces a chronic T-cell dependent arthritis. In this study we focused on the role of B-cells in both the CIA and the PIA model. In rats, immunization of CII induces a strong B-cell response against CII, characterized by rapid IgG production. The B-cell recognition of rat CII was analyzed for epitope specificity and V gene selection. We were able to characterize several epitopes on the CII molecule. The recognition tended to be directed against the CB-11 fragment of CII. Interestingly, some of the selected epitopes were shared between species. The major epitope, as recognized by several different antibodies, was shared with the mouse, as previously defined. One epitope, defined from the rat response, was also predominantly recognized in RA patients. Analyze of the V genes showed a biased usage for specific epitopes, The VHQ52 and Vk12/13 families was predominantly used. Individual V genes displayed germline characteristics, The genetic control of B-cell responses was analyzed in a cross between E3 and DA. In the F2 progeny, we investigated the levels of rheumatoid factor, total immunoglobulin and isotype production. A total genome scan revealed linkages to previously defined disease loci. Rheumatoid factor production was controlled by a major locus (Rf1) on chromosome 1

Identificación de cáncer colorrectal hereditario: Síndrome de Lynch

Lynch syndrome accounts for approximately 4% of all colorectal cancers. The syndrome follow an autosomal dominant pattern and predisposes individuals to cancer development early in life. Lynch syndrome is caused by mutations in the germline genes encoding proteins responsible for repairing the damage to DNA, MLH1 , MSH2 , MSH6 and PMS2. The family history is the primary method for identifying patients at high risk, however there are established clinical criteria. The establishment of surveillance and monitoring programs for the carriers help to reduce morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to describe the concepts about Lynch syndrome, tumor spectrum, clinical and pathological characteristics, genotype-phenotype correlation, methods of diagnosis and identification of mutations and highlight their impact on public health.El síndrome de Lynch representa aproximadamente 4% de todos los tipos de cáncer colorrectal. Este síndrome se manifiesta en las familias de manera autosómica dominante y predispone a los individuos al desarrollo de cánceres temprano en la vida. El síndrome de Lynch es causado por mutaciones en la línea germinal de los genes que codifican las proteínas responsables de la reparación del daño al ADN, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 y PMS2. La correcta historia familiar es en la actualidad el principal método para la identificación de pacientes con alto riesgo de presentar esta enfermedad, no obstante existen criterios clínicos ya establecidos. Es muy importante establecer medidas de vigilancia y monitoreo en los personas identificadas como portadoras de este síndrome, con la finalidad de ofrecer un programa de diagnóstico a sus familiares, ya que ayuda a reducir la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los nuevos avances y conceptos sobre el síndrome de Lynch, su espectro tumoral, las características clínicas-patológicas, la correlación genotipo-fenotipo, los métodos de diagnóstico e identificación de mutaciones, así como resaltar su impacto en salud pública

Challenges to Bringing Personalized Medicine to a Low-Resource Setting in Peru

We provide an overview of the challenges that low-resource setting cities are facing, including a lack of global implementation of cancer screening programs, accurate data and statistics that may aid the health authorities and guide future public health activities, as well as reorient strategies, interventions and budgets to promote lifestyles that help prevent disease. Current cancer care does not fully reflect ethnic, cultural, environmental and resource differences. Herein, we described a snapshot of the cancer mortality and morbidity from a hospital that cares a rural and low-income population from Peru, called Chimbote (316,966 inhabitants) and showed the limitation of access to oncological care and genetic services. The city is located in the region of Ancash, which is a department of Northern Peru. Of note, we identified a greater proportion of cancer cases than previously described, with a young age of onset and differential profile of the most frequent cancers. With the emergence of increasingly effective interventions, it becomes paramount that populations living in resource-limited settings have access to cancer services and participate in genetics and genomic research

Genetic Interactions in Eae2 Control Collagen-Induced Arthritis and the CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Ratio.

The Eae2 locus on mouse chromosome 15 controls the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, in this study we show that it also controls collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). To find the smallest disease-controlling locus/loci within Eae2, we have studied development of CIA in 676 mice from a partially advanced intercross. Eae2 congenic mice were bred with mice congenic for the Eae3/Cia5 locus on chromosome 3, previously shown to interact with Eae2. To create a large number of genetic recombinations within the congenic fragments, the offspring were intercrossed, and the eight subsequent generations were analyzed for CIA. We found that Eae2 consists of four Cia subloci (Cia26, Cia30, Cia31, and Cia32), of which two interacted with each other, conferring severe CIA. Genes within the other two loci independently interacted with genes in Eae3/Cia5. Investigation of the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in mice from the partially advanced intercross shows that this trait is linked to one of the Eae2 subloci through interactions with Eae3/Cia5. Furthermore, the expression of CD86 on stimulated macrophages is linked to Eae2

Caracterización molecular de cáncer colorrectal hereditario en Perú

To investigate the molecular deficiency in MMR genes associated to Lynch syndrome

Update on hereditary colorectal cancer

In the past two decades, significant advances have been made in our understanding of colorectal (CRC) tumors with DNA mismatch (MMR) repair deficiency. The knowledge from molecular and genetic alterations in a variety of clinical conditions has refined the disease terminology and classification. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) encompasses a spectrum of conditions that have significant phenotypic overlapping that makes clinical diagnosis a challenging task. Distinguishing among the HNPCC disorders is clinically important, as the approach to surveillance for patients and their at-risk family members differs according to risks for colonic and extracolonic cancer associated with each syndrome. Prospective and next-generation studies will provide valuable clinical information regarding the natural history of disease that will help differentiate the Lynch syndrome mimics and guide diagnosis and management for heterogeneous conditions currently grouped under the category of familial CRC. The review is intended to present and discuss the molecular nature of various conditions related to MMR deficiency and discusses the tools and strategies that have been used in detecting these conditions