Data diagnostics and remedial measures

The raw data consist of measurements of some attribute on a collection of individuals. The measurement would have been made in one of the following scales viz., nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale

Classification techniques for remotely sensed data

Hyperspectral imaging sensors measure the radiance of the materials within each pixel area at a very large number of contiguous spectral wavelength bands. So, they can generate hundreds of images of a scene on the real surface. The radiance is converted into hyperspectral data cube digital form. The spectral information available in a hyperspectral image (cube) may serve to classify the nature of the target object because every material had a unique fixed spectrum and could be used as a spectral signature of the material and perhaps provide additional information for further processing and exploitation. Hyperspectral data contain extremely rich spectral attributes, which offer the potential to discriminate more detailed classes with classification accuracy

Response surface methodology for the optimization of extraction processes

RSM involves setting up experiments, determining a model that fits the data, and finding optimal settings for experimental factors. The text also introduces response surface designs, factorial designs, and mixture designs for experimentation and optimization. The stages of implementing RSM, including fixing objectives, screening, regression modeling, experimentation, model building, optimization, and verification, are detailed. The text concludes with case studies illustrating the application of RSM in food processing and mixture design for dark chocolate production. Additionally, information on constructing response surface designs using software and an overview of the stages of RSM implementation are provided

हाइपर स्पेक्ट्रल डेटा का निगरानी रहित अधिगम

हाइपर स्पेक्ट्रल डेटा का निगरानी रहित अधिग

Effectiveness of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise and Pursed Lip Breathing Exercise in reducing Dyspnea in patients with Acute Bronchial Asthma

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a disease of the respiratory system in which the airways constrict, become inflamed and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more ‘triggers’. Such as exposure to environmental stimulant or cold air, exercise or emotional stress. The incidence of asthma is about 3% to 7% in adults. It is found more often in individuals under age 40. Asthma causes approximately 1000 details each year. To facilities the resolution of dyspnea physiotherapy measures are done. The measures to resolve dyspnea includes relaxation positions, oxygen therapy, bronchodilatos, IPPB and breathing exercises Physical therapy strategies such as diaphragmatic breathing exercise, pursed lip breathing exercise along with bronchodilators relieves bronchospasm, improves ventilation, oxygenation, reduce the work breathing and improve breathing pattern and breathing control. The main therapeutic outcomes of these breathing exercise are to alleviate dyspnea and to increase tolerance. The physiological outcomes are to increase alveolar ventilation and reduce the work of breathing. OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of pursed lip breathing exercise with bronchodilator in reducing dyspnea during acute asthma. STUDY DESIGN: Pre test and post test experimental study. METHODOLOGY: The subjects are divided into two experimental groups and each group having 15 subjects. Fifteen subjects during acute asthma which consist of 8 males and 7 females were trained with diaphragmatic breathing exercise with bronchodilator. Fifteen subjects during acute asthma which consist of 8 males and 7 females were trained with pursed lip breathing exercise with bronchodilator. RESULTS: The mean value of post test scores shows that diaphragmatic and of diaphragmatic and of pursed lip breathing exercise group subjects shows that the pursed lip breathing group subjects improved more than the diaphragmatic group subjects CONCLUSION: There is significant reduction of dyspnea in acute asthmatic exacerbations along with bronchodilator using two breathing exercise training and in which pursed lip breathing training is effective in aspect of reduction of dyspnea than diaphragmatic breathing exercise

Nonparametric Methods for Data Analysis

A parametric test specifies certain conditions about the distribution of responses in the population from which the research sample was drawn. The meaningfulness of the results of a parametric test depends on the validity of these assumptions. A nonparametric test is based on a model that specifies very general conditions and none regarding the specific form of the distribution from which the sample was drawn. Hence nonparametric tests are also known as distribution free tests. Certain assumptions are associated with most nonparametric statistical tests, but these are fewer and weaker than those of parametric tests

Fish stock assessment- approaches and Indian experience

Quantitative fish stock assessment has been a subject crossing a century if one strictly goes by the tools and techniques and gets yonder by another 75 years when it comes to its praxis. With assessment and management being viewed as two sides of the same coin, the practice of setting task forces to review the exploitation and related developments dates back to the 19th century. Closely following these developments are the governance interventions like regulations and penalties. Thus, this domain of scientific knowledge with immediate practical relevance is almost as old as any other branch of similar stature. But to anyone having a serious look at this field, it always gives a feel of a subject still nebulous in concept and context. This can be attributed to the type of resource this domain touches, fish. Fishery resources, both marine, brackish water or freshwater, are a bunch of natural resources that have more hidden than what is revealed. When the focus is on marine fisheries, this enigma entangled with surprises is a common sight. Under a thick sheet of water which is contained in a nearly bottomless and brimless container of sorts, identifying, studying, assessing and managing these resources themselves are quite a handful. Be it a researcher or a manager these resources throw up the dichotomy of being too simple to interpret, yet too difficult to manage. Thus logically speaking fish stock assessment is a dynamic admixture of science and art, whose proportions change as per ground reality. If the resources could be successfully brought under the realms of numbers then the science proportion gets to its peak, whilst the existing fishery throws up more diversity in terms of modes, means and status of those earning a livelihood out of this, the dosage of science gives way to what falls under the realms of the art of stakeholder management

Introduction to R and R Studio

Introduction to R and R Studi

Web based Generation of Polycross Designs (webPD)

Careful choice of parental lines and efficient mating designs form the backbone to a successful plant breeding programme. Objectives of the study, nature of genotypes, pollination type, space, cost, heterogeneity present in the field, wind direction, etc. are some of the deciding factors of a mating design. For wind pollinated species, a group of selected genotypes are to be arranged in isolated blocks/rows and columns such that each genotype gets an equal chance of pollinating, or being pollinated by, any of the others. Different types of designs for polycross trials are conducted for different situations like octa neighbour balanced polycross designs, designs for directional wind system, neighbour restricted polycross designs, etc. For ready referencing and potential use of these designs, online software for generation of these designs is highly desirable. In this paper, the development of a web solution for generation of different classes of polycross designs based on client–server architecture has been discussed. The software webPD is easily accessible at any time from any arbitrary platform throughout the globe through the use of internet. This software provides freely available solution for the researchers, breeders and students working in this area

SAS MACRO for Generation of Partial Tetra-allele Cross Design using MOLS

Tetra-allele cross often referred as four-way cross or double cross or four-line cross are those type of mating designs in which every cross is obtained by mating amongst four inbred lines. A tetra-allele cross can be obtained by crossing the resultant of two unrelated diallel crosses