Time-course of exercise and its association with 12-month bone changes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Exercise has been shown to have positive effects on bone density and strength. However, knowledge of the time-course of exercise and bone changes is scarce due to lack of methods to quantify and qualify daily physical activity in long-term. The aim was to evaluate the association between exercise intensity at 3, 6 and 12 month intervals and 12-month changes in upper femur areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and mid-femur geometry in healthy premenopausal women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Physical activity was continuously assessed with a waist-worn accelerometer in 35 healthy women (35-40 years) participating in progressive high-impact training. To describe exercise intensity, individual average daily numbers of impacts were calculated at five acceleration levels (range 0.3-9.2 <it>g</it>) during time intervals of 0-3, 0-6, and 0-12 months. Proximal femur aBMD was measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry and mid-femur geometry was evaluated with quantitative computed tomography at the baseline and after 12 months. Physical activity data were correlated with yearly changes in bone density and geometry, and adjusted for confounding factors and impacts at later months of the trial using multivariate analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Femoral neck aBMD changes were significantly correlated with 6 and 12 months' impact activity at high intensity levels (> 3.9 <it>g</it>, <it>r </it>being up to 0.42). Trochanteric aBMD changes were associated even with first three months of exercise exceeding 1.1 <it>g </it>(<it>r </it>= 0.39-0.59, <it>p </it>< 0.05). Similarly, mid-femoral cortical bone geometry changes were related to even first three months' activity (<it>r </it>= 0.38-0.52, <it>p </it>< 0.05). In multivariate analysis, 0-3 months' activity did not correlate with bone change at any site after adjusting for impacts at later months. Instead, 0-6 months' impacts were significant correlates of 12-month changes in femoral neck and trochanter aBMD, mid-femur bone circumference and cortical bone attenuation even after adjustment. No significant correlations were found at the proximal or distal tibia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The number of high acceleration impacts during 6 months of training was positively associated with 12-month bone changes at the femoral neck, trochanter and mid-femur. These results can be utilized when designing feasible training programs to prevent bone loss in premenopausal women.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Clinical trials.gov NCT00697957</p

Oral health of Finnish prisoners

Abstract In Finland as well as elsewhere, prisoners are a marginal and commonly deprived group of people. Most of them are young or middle-aged males even though the mean age is increasing. Prisoners’ social status and educational background are inferior to the rest of the population. They have many health-related problems. The general health and oral health of prisoners has been previously investigated in other countries, but in Finland information on their oral health is so far scarce. The aim of this study was to obtain information on aspects of the oral health and associated factors of Finnish prisoners. The study focused on oral health, health- and oral health-related behaviours, dental fear, as well as general health issues. One hundred prisoners (89 male and 11 female) took part in the study between September 2014 and February 2015 in Pelso prison, Finland. A clinical examination including dental caries and erosive tooth wear, periodontal disease, and evaluating and diagnosing temporomandibular disorders was carried out on all participants (n=100). Half of them (46 males and 4 females) were interviewed using questionnaires and Motivational Interviewing Technique. With interviewing, prisoners’ socio-demographic background factors and information on substance abuse as well as other health- and oral health-related behaviours were obtained. Data on medications was acquired from the prisoners’ patient records. Dental fear and other general fears were surveyed with validated questionnaires. Substance abuse was common. Almost everyone smoked, and one in every five had used snuff. Pre-prison drug and alcohol use was widespread; drug use was even more prevalent than alcohol use. Almost everyone was taking some prescribed medicine, the most common being antipsychotics, painkillers and sleeping pills. Over half (56%) of the prisoners had hepatitis C. The oral health status of Finnish prisoners was poor. Almost everyone (81%) had a need for restorative treatment. Signs of periodontal disease were common, with severe periodontal problems found in 7% in the study population. Most required at least preventive treatment due to erosive tooth wear. Temporomandibular disorders, both clinically diagnosed and self-reported, were common. Alcohol use was associated with missed teeth (M). Dental fear was common. Few prisoners went regularly to a dentist. Most of them sought dental care when they had pain or other problems. Oral health among prisoners is poor and constitutes a risk for general health.Tiivistelmä Suomessa vangit ovat pieni erillisryhmä, joka poikkeaa monella tavalla muusta väestöstä. Suurin osa vangeista on joko nuoria tai keski-ikäisiä miehiä, vaikkakin vankien keski-ikä on nousussa. Vankien sosiaalinen asema ja koulutustausta ovat huonommat muuhun väestöön verrattuna. Vankien yleisterveyttä ja myös suunterveyttä on aiemmin tutkittu muualla, mutta Suomessa tietoa heidän suunterveydestään ja siihen liittyvistä tekijöistä on vähän. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli saada tietoa suomalaisten vankien suun ja hampaiston terveydestä ja siihen vaikuttavista taustatekijöistä. Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin vankien suunterveyttä ja terveys- ja suunterveystottumuksia, hammashoitopelkoa sekä yleisterveyteen liittyviä seikkoja. Yhteensä 100 vankia, 89 miestä ja 11 naista, osallistui tutkimukseen syyskuun 2014 ja helmikuun 2015 välisenä aikana Pelson vankilassa. Kaikille (n=100) tehtiin kliininen tarkastus, johon sisältyi hampaiden kariologinen, parodontologinen ja erosiivisten vaurioiden tutkimus sekä purentafysiologinen tutkimus. Puolta tutkimusjoukosta (46 miestä ja 4 naista) haastateltiin käyttäen kyselylomakkeita ja motivoivaa haastattelutekniikkaa. Haastattelulla selvitettiin vankien sosiodemografisia taustatietoja, päihteiden käyttöä ja muuta terveys- ja suunterveyskäyttäytymistä. Hammashoitopelkoa ja muita yleisiä pelkoja selvitettiin erillisillä kyselylomakkeilla. Lähes kaikki tupakoivat, ja nuuskaa oli käyttänyt joka viides. Huumeiden ja alkoholin käyttö ennen vankeusaikaa oli ollut yleistä, huumeiden käyttö jopa alkoholin käyttöä yleisempää. Melkein kaikki käyttivät jotain reseptilääkettä; käytetyimpiä olivat psykoosi-, kipu- ja unilääkkeet. Tutkituista vangeista yli puolella (56%) oli C-hepatiitti. Suomalaisten vankien suunterveys on huono. Lähes kaikilla (81 %) oli hampaistossa korjaavan hoidon tarvetta. Iensairaudet olivat yleisiä, parodontiittia oli 7 %:lla tutkituista. Suurin osa tarvitsi vähintään ennaltaehkäiseviä toimenpiteitä hampaiden erosiivisen kulumisen takia. Alkoholin käytöllä oli yhteys hampaiden menetykseen (M). Purentaelimistön toimintahäiriöt, sekä kliinisesti diagnosoidut että itse raportoidut, olivat tavallisia. Hammashoitopelko oli jonkin verran yleisempää kuin saman ikäisillä suomalaisilla miehillä. Harva vanki kävi hammashoidossa säännöllisesti. Suurin osa hakeutui hammashoitoon, kun heillä oli suussaan särkyä tai muita vaivoja. Suunterveyteen liittyvät ongelmat ovat vangeilla yleisiä ja ne ovat riski yleisterveydelle

Dental fear and dental health and attendance among Finnish male prisoners

Abstract Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental fear and the associations between dental fear and dental health and dental attendance among Finnish prisoners. Material and Methods: Eighty-nine voluntary male prisoners from the Pelso Prison participated in this cross-sectional clinical study between September 2014 and February 2015. Forty-six (51.7%) of them were also interviewed for their background factors, dental fear and dental attendance. To evaluate the prisoners’ level of dental fear, the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and Dental Visual Analogue Scale were used. The numbers of decayed, missing, filled and remaining teeth reported dental health. For analyses Pearson’s Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression analyses and the independent samples Kruskall-Wallis test were conducted. Results:: Among male prisoners four out of 46 (8.7%) reported severe and fourteen out of 46 (30.4%) moderate dental fear, 60.9% had mild or no dental fear. Those with no dental fear visited a dentist regularly more often than those with dental fear. The use of snuff and number of medications were positively associated with severe dental fear. Conclusions: Dental fear is common among Finnish male prisoners. High number of prescribed medications, use of snuff and irregular dental attendance may indicate severe dental fear among Finnish male prisoners

Erosive tooth wear and use of psychoactive substances among Finnish prisoners

Abstract Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of erosive tooth wear (ETW) and its association with dental caries and the use of psychoactive substances among Finnish prisoners. Methods: One hundred voluntary prisoners (90.9%) from the Pelso Prison participated in this cross-sectional clinical study between September 2014 and February 2015. Fifty prisoners were also interviewed using the one-on-one interviewing technique for their background factors and use of psychoactive substances. Basic Erosive Index (BEWE) (0–18) was used to measure erosive tooth wear. Decayed (D), missing (M), filled (F) and the number of remaining teeth (T) and DMFT were reported. The association between the different variables was tested and analysed by using cross tabulation. To test the association between the variables a logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: Almost all (90%) of the subjects had need for preventive and operative treatment for ETW. In addition, one in five (19%) suffered from severe erosive tooth wear. The use of psychoactive substances and pharmaceuticals is common, yet no association with ETW was found. Smoking and alcohol consumption were more common among younger prisoners than the older ones. There is an increased risk for ETW among older prisoners and major alcohol consumers. Past caries experience was associated with dental erosion. Conclusions: Erosive tooth wear is common among Finnish prisoners in their thirties. ETW is associated with dental caries and daily alcohol consumption

The use of patient-oriented mobile phone apps in oral health:scoping review

Abstract Background: Oral health is a significant part of general health. Poor oral health can influence an individual’s appearance, self-esteem, eating, and speaking. The use of mobile phone apps has been growing in the field of medicine, including dentistry. However, to date, there is no evidence related to the availability of mobile apps focusing on various branches of dentistry. Objective: The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature on the use of patient-oriented mobile phone apps in oral health and summarize the key findings. Methods: A scoping review of published scientific literature on the use of patient-oriented mobile phone apps in oral health was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute. A search was performed in PubMed and Scopus for studies published between January 2000 and June 2021 that were written in English. All study types except for those reporting developmental protocols were included in this review. In total, 2 reviewers independently screened the studies using the eligibility criteria. The study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework registries in June 2021. Results: The initial search yielded a total of 977 studies, 45 (4.6%) of which met the inclusion criteria. All the studies (45/45, 100%) were published after 2009. Most studies (31/45, 69%) concerned oral health promotion using mobile phone apps, followed by behavior management (5/45, 11%). More than half (23/45, 51%) of the included studies were conducted in Asian countries. Overall, 31% (14/45) of the studies focused on adolescents. A total of 51% (23/45) of the studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Approximately 39% (9/23) of the included RCT studies reported a substantial reduction in dental plaque, and 26% (6/23) of the studies reported significant improvement in gingival health. Regarding dental anxiety management, 13% (3/23) of the RCT studies reported a significant decrease in mean heart rate and lower Facial Image Scale scores. Conclusions: According to the literature, the use of mobile apps in oral health is increasing among patients, mainly children and adolescents. Many studies that have used mobile apps have focused on promoting oral health. However, other areas such as diagnostic and remote consultations (teledentistry) have until recently been neglected despite their great potential

Oral health and oral health-related habits of Finnish prisoners

Abstract Objectives/Aims: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine oral health and oral health-related habits among prisoners at the Pelso Prison in Finland. Materials and Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study comprises 100 inmates. A calibrated dentist recorded the decayed, filled and missed teeth as well as periodontal status (bleeding-on-probing, pocket probing and Community Periodontal Index) among the participants (n=100). Fifty inmates were also interviewed for marital status, education and oral health-related habits. The Ethical Committee of the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District and the Criminal Sanctions Agency approved the study protocol. Results: The participants were on average 35 years old and had 5 (s.d. 5.1) decayed teeth in need of restorative treatment, whereas DMFT was 17 (s.d. 8.9). Half of the study population had periodontal disease in need of professional treatment. Almost all reported brushing their teeth daily. Two-third ate sweets, one-third drank fizzy drinks and majority smoked every day. Almost two-third had used illicit drugs at some point of their lives. Almost all drunk alcohol once a week or more often. No statistically significant associations were discovered between dental treatment need and explanatory factors. Discussion: Prisoners appear to be a homogenous group with poor oral health and harmful health behaviours

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among Finnish prisoners:cross-sectional clinical study

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported temporomandibular disorders (TMD) symptoms and clinically diagnosed TMD among Finnish prisoners. Material and methods: Altogether 100 prisoners from the Pelso Prison, Vaala, Finland, underwent dental and TMD clinical examinations performed by a calibrated and well-trained dentist. Symptom Questionnaire and clinical examination according to a Finnish pre-final version of the DC/TMD (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) Axis I protocol were used to evaluate the prevalence of TMD sub-diagnoses. Results: The most common TMD symptoms were facial pain (54.0%), temporomandibular joint noises (43.0%) and headache (37.0%). The prevalence of joint-related TMD diagnoses was four and a half times higher than diagnoses attributed with pain (76.0% vs. 17.0%). The most common TMD diagnoses were degenerative joint disease (33.0%) and disc displacement with reduction (33.0%). Conclusions: The prevalence of self-reported TMD symptoms and clinical assessed TMD, especially join-related TMD diagnoses, is high among Finnish prisoners. Examination and treatment of TMD should become a common practice also in prison dental care

Lifestyle factors and site-specific risk of hip fracture in community dwelling older women – a 13-year prospective population-based cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Several risk factors are associated to hip fractures. It seems that different hip fracture types have different etiologies. In this study, we evaluated the lifestyle-related risk factors for cervical and trochanteric hip fractures in older women over a 13-year follow-up period.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study design was a prospective, population-based study consisting of 1681 women (mean age 72 years). Seventy-three percent (n = 1222) participated in the baseline measurements, including medical history, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, and nutrition, along with body anthropometrics and functional mobility. Cox regression was used to identify the independent predictors of cervical and trochanteric hip fractures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During the follow-up, 49 cervical and 31 trochanteric fractures were recorded. The women with hip fractures were older, taller, and thinner than the women with no fractures (p < 0.05). Low functional mobility was an independent predictor of both cervical and trochanteric fractures (HR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.8-6.6, and HR = 5.3, 95% CI 2.5-11.4, respectively). Low baseline physical activity was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture, especially in the cervical region (HR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.9). A decrease in cervical fracture risk (p = 0.002) was observed with physically active individuals compared to their less active peers (categories: very low or low, moderate, and high). Moderate coffee consumption and hypertension decreased the risk of cervical fractures (HR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8, for both), while smoking was a predisposing factor for trochanteric fractures (HR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.3).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Impaired functional mobility, physical inactivity, and low body mass may increase the risk for hip fractures with different effects at the cervical and trochanteric levels.</p