A força normativa da Constituição como garantidora da segurança jurídica : uma análise das obras de Konrad Hesse e de Ferdinand Lassalle

Tece um breve relato histórico acerca da importância dos fatores de poder nas relações humanas. Verifica as mudanças ocorridas nos fatores de poder, analisando os riscos das constituições formadas apenas pelos fatores reais de poder

Room temperature coherent spin alignment of silicon vacancies in 4H- and 6H-SiC

We report the realization of the optically induced inverse population of the ground-state spin sublevels of the silicon vacancies ($V_{\mathrm{Si}}$) in silicon carbide (SiC) at room temperature. The data show that the probed silicon vacancy spin ensemble can be prepared in a coherent superposition of the spin states. Rabi nutations persist for more than 80 $\mu$s. Two opposite schemes of the optical alignment of the populations between the ground-state spin sublevels of the silicon vacancy upon illumination with unpolarized light are realized in 4H- and 6H-SiC at room temperature. These altogether make the silicon vacancy in SiC a very favorable defect for spintronics, quantum information processing, and magnetometry.Comment: 4 pages, 3 picture

Clustering of Primordial Black Holes. II. Evolution of Bound Systems

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) that form from the collapse of density perturbations are more clustered than the underlying density field. In a previous paper, we showed the constraints that this has on the prospects of PBH dark matter. In this paper we examine another consequence of this clustering: the formation of bound systems of PBHs in the early universe. These would hypothetically be the earliest gravitationally collapsed structures, forming when the universe is still radiation dominated. Depending upon the size and occupation of the clusters, PBH merging occurs before they would have otherwise evaporated due to Hawking evaporation.Comment: 23 pages, 1 figure. Submitted to PR

Characterizing Abdominal Pain in Patients with Gastroparesis

TITLE: CHARACTERIZING ABDOMINAL PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH GASTROPARESIS AUTHORS (LAST NAME, FIRST NAME): Vainer, Dylan1; Shahsavari, Dariush2; Parkman, Henry P.2 INSTITUTIONS (ALL): 1. Section of Gastroenterology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States. 2. Temple University Health System Inc, Philadelphia, PA, United States. ABSTRACT BODY: Introduction: Patients with gastroparesis (Gp) typically present with nausea, vomiting, and early satiety. Abdominal pain can be present in Gp. The cause of abdominal pain in patients with Gp is often unknown. In patients whose predominant symptom is abdominal pain, other causes of abdominal pain should be sought. Chronic pancreatitis and acute porphyria may be potential causes. Aims: 1) To characterize the abdominal pain in patients with diabetic (DM) and idiopathic Gp. 2) To determine if chronic pancreatitis and/or porphyria may explain the abdominal pain in a proportion of patients. Methods: Patients with Gp diagnosed by gastric emptying studies filled out Patient Assessment of Upper GI Symptoms (PAGI-SYM) questionnaire assessing their symptoms. Patients reporting abdominal pain also filled out questions to assess characteristics of pain and underwent testing for serum trypsin, amylase, lipase, urine porphyrins, and urine porphobilinogen (PBG). Results: Of 158 patients with Gp (140 (88.6%) women, average age 45.7 ± 15.8 years, BMI 26.9 ± 7.0), 86 (54.4%) patients reported abdominal pain as a symptom. The most common locations of pain were periumbilical (38.6%) and left upper quadrant (22.9%). 73.2% of patients with abdominal pain reported constant pain, with the majority (91.5%) having acute exacerbations of pain. The mean severity of constant pain was 2.94 ± 0.93 (scale from 0 = none to 4 = very severe), whereas the severity during acute exacerbations was 3.07 ± 0.82. 48.7% of patients reported radiation of pain, most commonly to the back (86%). Abdominal pain was most frequently exacerbated by eating (78.2%) and improved with use of pain medications (53.9%) and rest (52.6%). There was no difference in the prevalence of abdominal pain between DM and non-DM patients (43(53%) vs 107(56%); p = 0.807). DM and non-DM patients reported similar abdominal pain severity (chronic pain: 3.13 vs 2.89; p = 0.78, acute pain: 3.06 ± 0.87 vs 3.00 ± 0.80; p = 0.81). One patient with abdominal pain had a slight elevation in urine porphyrins (227.1 mg/L) and one had elevated urine PBG (4.1 mg/L). None of 45 (0%) patients with abdominal pain had low trypsin levels (\u3c 30 mg/L). No correlation was found between serum trypsin and severity of pain (r = 0.114; p = 0.457). Conclusion: Abdominal pain was present in 54% of patients with Gp and characterized by continuous pain with intermittent episodes of worsening pain. The pain was frequently exacerbated by eating and relieved by pain medications and rest. There were no significant differences in abdominal pain severity between DM and non-DM patients. Abnormal pancreatic enzyme and urine porphyrin levels were uncommon among Gp patients with abdominal pain and were not correlated with severity of symptoms. Thus, upper abdominal pain is frequent in patients with gastroparesis, but the cause remains largely unknown

Astrophysical constraints on primordial black holes in Brans-Dicke theory

We consider cosmological evolution in Brans-Dicke theory with a population of primordial black holes. Hawking radiation from the primordial black holes impacts various astrophysical processes during the evolution of the Universe. The accretion of radiation by the black holes in the radiation dominated era may be effective in imparting them a longer lifetime. We present a detailed study of how this affects various standard astrophysical constraints coming from the evaporation of primordial black holes. We analyze constraints from the present density of the Universe, the present photon spectrum, the distortion of the cosmic microwave background spectrum and also from processes affecting light element abundances after nucleosynthesis. We find that the constraints on the initial primordial black hole mass fractions are tightened with increased accretion efficiency.Comment: 15 page

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http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2611841~S1*es