Associations (adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI) between covariates and the outcomes in a study describing the association between thyroid function and development in young children.

<p>Associations (adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI) between covariates and the outcomes in a study describing the association between thyroid function and development in young children.</p

Associations between thyroid dysfunction and developmental status in children with excessive iodine status

<div><p>Background and objective</p><p>Adequate iodine status and normal thyroid hormone synthesis are important for optimal child development. In this study, we explored whether young children’s developmental status is associated with thyroid dysfunction in an area of chronic excessive iodine exposure.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We included 298 children between 18 and 48 months of age residing in Algerian refugee camps. Early child development was measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, third edition (ASQ-3), consisting of five domains: Communication, Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Problem Solving and Personal-Social. Due to poor discriminatory ability in the Gross Motor domain, the total ASQ-3 scores were calculated both including and excluding this domain. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3 and FT4), thyroid antibodies and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured.</p><p>Results</p><p>The median UIC was 451.6 μg/L, and approximately 72% of the children had a UIC above 300 μg/L. Furthermore, 14% had thyroid disturbances, of whom 10% had TSH outside the reference range. Children with thyroid disturbances and TSH outside the reference ranges had lower odds of being among the 66% highest total ASQ scores, with adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.46 (0.23, 0.93) and 0.42 (0.19, 0.94), respectively.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We found an association between thyroid dysfunction and poorer developmental status among children with excessive iodine intake. The high iodine intake may have caused the thyroid dysfunction and hence the delayed developmental status; however, other influential factors cannot be excluded. Optimal child development is important for a sustainable future. With iodine excess being an increasing problem globally, this subject should be further explored.</p></div

Associations (adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI) between covariates and the outcomes in a study describing the association between thyroid function and development in young children.

<p>Associations (adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI) between covariates and the outcomes in a study describing the association between thyroid function and development in young children.</p

Characteristics of the mothers, children and home environment in a study describing the association between thyroid function and development in young children ^a.

<p>Characteristics of the mothers, children and home environment in a study describing the association between thyroid function and development in young children <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0187241#t001fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Flowchart for selection of Saharawi children from 2010 baseline study and 2013 follow-up study.

<p>*low age, high age, deaf, and mute.</p

Associations between thyroid disturbances, TSH outside reference and elevated Tg with being in the two upper thirds of the total ASQ-3 score, ASQ-3 score ex.

<p>GM and subscales among children.</p

Thyroid disturbances, iodine status and ASQ-3 scores among the children in a study describing the association between thyroid function and child development ^a.

<p>Thyroid disturbances, iodine status and ASQ-3 scores among the children in a study describing the association between thyroid function and child development <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0187241#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of children in the cohort.

<p>^<i>1</i><i>Indian Rupees</i>,</p><p>^<i>2</i><i>One mother is deceased</i>,</p><p>^<i>3</i><i>Childcare center</i></p><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of children in the cohort.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of children in the cohort.

<p>^<i>1</i><i>Indian Rupees</i>,</p><p>^<i>2</i><i>One mother is deceased</i>,</p><p>^<i>3</i><i>Childcare center</i></p><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of children in the cohort.</p

Associations between log (base2) days of diarrhea and changes in ASQ-scores.

<p>The graphs were constructed using generalized additive models in R, the solid line depicts the association of the total ASQ-score and log (base2) days of diarrhea. The Y-axis is centered on the mean total ASQ-score. The shaded area spans the 95% confidence interval of this association.</p