Nicole Bériou – Cécile Caby (éd.), Moines et religieux dans la ville (xiie-xve siècles)

Le colloque de Fanjeaux de 2008 consacré à l’histoire des Moines et religieux dans la ville a réuni un nombre important de spécialistes des ordres religieux, des chanoines et des moines, ainsi que des spécialistes de l’histoire urbaine du Midi. Les régions du Midi ont connu un développement urbain très marqué à partir du xiie siècle et la présence des chanoines, des ordres militaires et mendiants a toujours été très forte, en particulier en Provence et en Languedoc. Jacques Le Goff s’intéress..

Nicole Bériou – Cécile Caby (éd.), Moines et religieux dans la ville (xiie-xve siècles)

Le colloque de Fanjeaux de 2008 consacré à l’histoire des Moines et religieux dans la ville a réuni un nombre important de spécialistes des ordres religieux, des chanoines et des moines, ainsi que des spécialistes de l’histoire urbaine du Midi. Les régions du Midi ont connu un développement urbain très marqué à partir du xiie siècle et la présence des chanoines, des ordres militaires et mendiants a toujours été très forte, en particulier en Provence et en Languedoc. Jacques Le Goff s’intéress..

La richesse des Franciscains. Autour du débat sur les rapports entre économie et religion au Moyen Âge

La littérature historique sur les positions de l’Église vis-à-vis des échanges matériels et de la richesse rencontre souvent l’opinion commune selon laquelle la doctrine morale chrétienne aurait condamné la richesse matérielle et se serait opposée purement et simplement à l’enrichissement et au négoce. De la prédication patristique à la littérature théologique et à l’exégèse médiévale, les sources ecclésiastiques semblent sanctionner inlassablement le profit et la volonté d’acquérir les biens..

Il Porto franco di Trieste ed il suo ruolo nel commercio internazionale

La seguente ricerca analizza del dettaglio il funzionamento del Porto franco di Trieste e, più in generale, il ruolo giocato dallo scalo giuliano nel commercio internazionale e nella global value chain. La ricerca si articola su cinque capitoli. Nel primo capitolo è analizzato nel dettaglio il ruolo economico e logistico di Trieste nel quadro del commercio internazionale, con particolare riferimento al suo inserimento nella rete transeuropea dei trasporti TEN-T e nella Nuova via della seta, anche alla luce degli sviluppi recenti nelle relazioni sino-occidentali. Nel secondo capitolo è fornita una panoramica dell'istituto della zona franca e del porto franco, dalle sue origini nell'antichità sino alle sue più recenti evoluzioni connesse alla globalizzazione ed all'internazionalizzazione delle filiere produttive. Il terzo capitolo illustra i principali istituti del diritto doganale comunitario per l'importazione di merci nel mercato unico, approfondendo in particolare i regimi doganali speciali e la normativa nazionale in materia di contrabbando ed illeciti doganali. Il quarto capitolo espone la genesi storica del Porto franco triestino, dalla sua istituzione tramite la Patente di Carlo VI sino agli sviluppi del secondo dopoguerra, inquadrandola entro una breve trattazione sulla centralità di Trieste nelle relazioni internazionali fra Italia, Austria-Ungheria e Jugoslavia. Il quinto capitolo, infine, scandaglia dettagliatamente la natura giuridica del Porto franco ed i suoi istituti più caratteristici - quali la non onerosità od il credito doganale triestino - letti alla luce di quanto illustrato nei capitoli precedenti.This research assesses in depth the functioning of the Free Port of Trieste and, more in general, the role played by the city in international trade and in the global value chain. The treatise is structured on five chapters. In the first chapter, the economic and logistic role of Trieste in international trade is thoroughly analysed, with particular emphasis on its place within the Trans-European Network of Transports (TEN-T) and the New Silk Road, also in light of the recent developments in Sino-Western relations. In the second chapter, an overview of free zones and free ports is provided, since their origin in the Antiquities until their most recent evolutions related to the spread of globalisation and the internationalisation of supply chains. The third chapter summarises the main elements of EU customs law for the importation of goods in the common market, deepening in particular the special procedures and the Italian national regulation on smuggling and customs offences. The fourth chapter expounds on the historical genesis of the Free Port of Trieste, since its inception with the Patent of Charles VI until the developments of the post-war period, framing it within a short dissertation on the centrality of the city in the international relations amongst Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Jugoslavia. The fifth chapter, finally, explores in detail the legal nature of the Free Port and of the idiosyncratic elements thereof - such as the principle of freedom from charges or the local special customs credit - all seen in light of the content of the previous chapters

The dynamic mitochondria-nuclear redistribution of FKBP51 during the process of adipocyte differentiation is regulated by PKA

Los glucocorticoides tienen un papel central en la adipogénesis, por su unión al receptor RG cito-plasmático formando parte de un heterocomplejo también integrado por una inmunofilina (INM) de alto peso molecular, FKBP51 o FKBP52. Durante la diferenciación adipocítica los niveles de Hsp90, Hsp70 y p23 no se modifican, mientras la expresión de FKBP52 disminuye y la de FKBP51 aumenta progresivamente. FKBP51 sufre una dinámica redistribución mitocondria-núcleo al inicio del proceso de adipogénesis, concentrándose en la lámina nuclear coincidiendo temporalmente con su reorganización. A las 48 h la INM se concentra nuevamente en las mitocondrias. Esta dinámica redistribución mitocondria-núcleo es regulada por glucocorticoides principalmente, por la vía AMPc-PKA ya que la inhibición de PKA por PKI-miristoilado bloquea la traslocación de FKBP51 a núcleo inducida por 3-isobutil-1-metilxantina (IBMX). PKA-c se asocia con RG de manera ligando-dependiente potenciando su actividad transcripcional y ésta disminuye con IBMX, forskolina o dibutiril-AMPc que inducen la traslocación a núcleo de FKBP51 y, por lo tanto, PKA podría ejercer un papel dual en la regulación de dicho factor. En síntesis, la presencia de FKBP51 en el núcleo dependiente de la activación de PKA puede ser crítica para el control de RG y posiblemente para otros factores no pertenecientes a la familia de los receptores nucleares cuya función es regulada también por dicha vía de señalización, evento que tiene lugar en una etapa del proceso de diferenciación con alto nivel de remodelamiento de cromatina, pero donde la transcripción debe estar estrictamente controlada para la adquisición del fenotipo adipocítico.The dynamic mitochondria-nuclear redistribution of FKBP51 during the process of adipo- cyte differentiation is regulated by PKA. Glucocorticoids play an important role in adipogenesis via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that forms a heterocomplex with Hsp90-Hsp70 and a high molecular weight im- munophilin FKBP51 or FKBP52. We have found that FKBP51 level of expression progressively increases, FKBP52 decreases, whereas Hsp90, Hsp70, and p23 remain unchanged when 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiate. Interest- ingly, FKBP51 translocates from mitochondria to the nucleus at the onset of adipogenesis. FKBP51 transiently concentrates in the nuclear lamina, at a time that this nuclear compartment undergoes its reorganization. FKBP51 nuclear localization is transient, after 48 h it cycles back to mitochondria. We found that the dynamic FKBP51 mitochondrial-nuclear shuttling is regulated by glucocorticoids and mainly on cAMP-PKA signaling since PKA inhibition by myristoilated-PKI, abrogated FKBP51 nuclear translocation induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). It has been reported that PKA interacts with GR in a ligand dependent manner potentiating its transcrip- tional capacity. GR transcriptional capacity is reduced when cells are incubated in the presence of IBMX, forskolin or dibutyryl-cAMP, compounds that induced nuclear translocation of FKBP51, therefore PKA may exert a dual role in the control of GR. In summary, the presence of FKBP51 in the nucleus may be critical for GR transcriptional control, and possibly for the control of other transcription factors that are not members of the nuclear receptor family but are regulated by PKA signaling pathway, when transcription has to be strictly controlled to succeed in the acquisition of the adipocyte phenotype.Fil: Toneatto, Judith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Charó, Nancy Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Susperreguy, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Piwien Pilipuk, Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentin

A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Personalized Feedback Intervention for Problem Gamblers

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Personalized feedback is a promising self-help for problem gamblers. Such interventions have shown consistently positive results with other addictive behaviours, and our own pilot test of personalized normative feedback materials for gamblers yielded positive findings. The current randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness, and the sustained efficacy, of the personalized feedback intervention materials for problem gamblers.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>Respondents recruited by a general population telephone screener of Ontario adults included gamblers with moderate and severe gambling problems. Those who agreed to participate were randomly assigned to receive: 1) the full personalized normative feedback intervention; 2) a partial feedback that contained all the feedback information provided to those in condition 1 but without the normative feedback content (i.e., no comparisons provided to general population gambling norms); or 3) a waiting list control condition. The primary hypothesis was that problem gamblers who received the personalized normative feedback intervention would reduce their gambling more than problem gamblers who did not receive any intervention (waiting list control condition) by the six-month follow-up.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>The study found no evidence for the impact of normative personalized feedback. However, participants who received, the partial feedback (without norms) reduced the number of days they gambled compared to participants who did not receive the intervention. We concluded that personalized feedback interventions were well received and the materials may be helpful at reducing gambling. Realistically, it can be expected that the personalized feedback intervention may have a limited, short term impact on the severity of participants' problem gambling because the intervention is just a brief screener. An Internet-based version of the personalized feedback intervention tool, however, may offer an easy to access and non-threatening portal that can be used to motivate participants to seek further help online or in person.</p> <h3>Trial Registration</h3><p><a href="http://ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a><a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00578357">NCT00578357</a></p> </div

Adipogenesis is Under Surveillance of Hsp90 and the High Molecular Weight Immunophilin FKBP51

Adipose tissue plays a central role in the control of energy balance as well as in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. It was not until recently that the first evidences of the role of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 and high molecular weight immunophilin FKBP51 have been described in the process of adipocyte differentiation. Recent reports describe their role in the regulation of PPARγ, a key transcription factor in the control of adipogenesis and the maintenance of the adipocyte phenotype. In addition, novel roles have been uncovered for FKBP51 in the organization of the architecture of the nucleus through its participation in the reorganization of the nuclear lamina. Therefore, the aim of this review is to integrate and discuss the recent advances in the field, with special emphasis on the roles of Hsp90 and FKBP51 in the process of adipocyte differentiation.Fil: Toneatto, Judith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Charó, Nancy Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Galigniana, Natalia Maricel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Piwien Pilipuk, Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Severely Dependent Alcohol Abusers May Be Vulnerable To Alcohol Cues in Television Programs

The self-reported ability of 96 alcohol abusers to resist the urge to drink heavily was assessed after they viewed a videotape of a popular prime time television program complete with advertisements. Different versions of the videotape were used to evaluate the effects of a television program with and without alcohol scenes as crossed with the effects of three different types of commercials (i.e., beer, nonalcoholic beverages, food). Before and after viewing the videotape, subjects, who were led to believe that they were participating in two separate and unrelated sets of experimental procedures, completed several drinking questionnaires. Responses to one of the questionnaires provided an unobtrusive measure of self-reported ability to resist the urge to drink heavily. Results indicated that alcohol cues in a television program affected some alcohol abusers\u27 perceived ability to resist the urge to drink heavily. In particular, those with higher alcohol dependence scores showed a decrease in confidence after viewing a television program with alcohol cues compared to subjects who watched the same program but without the alcohol scenes. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Until further research is forthcoming, given the artificial nature of the study setting, the results of this study must be viewed with some caution

Recent Developments in Gene Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population. The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has revolutionized the management and prognosis of neovascular AMD (nAMD) and is currently the standard of care for this disease. However, patients are required to receive repeated injections, imposing substantial social and economic burdens. The implementation of gene therapy methods to achieve sustained delivery of various therapeutic proteins holds the promise of a single treatment that could ameliorate the treatment challenges associated with chronic intravitreal therapy, and potentially improve visual outcomes. Several early-phase trials are currently underway, evaluating the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for nAMD; however, areas of controversy persist, including the therapeutic target, route of administration, and potential safety issues. In this review, we assess the evolution of gene therapy for nAMD and summarize several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials, exploring challenges and future directions

Organization of nuclear architecture during adipocyte differentiation

Obesity is a serious health problem worldwide since it is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as type II diabetes. Obesity is the result of hyperplasia (associated with increased adipogenesis) and hypertrophy (associated with decreased adipogenesis) of the adipose tissue. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of adipocyte differentiation is relevant to delineate new therapeutic strategies for treatment of obesity. As in all differentiation processes, temporal patterns of transcription are exquisitely controlled, allowing the acquisition and maintenance of the adipocyte phenotype. The genome is spatially organized; therefore decoding local features of the chromatin language alone does not suffice to understand how cell type-specific gene expression patterns are generated. Elucidating how nuclear architecture is built during the process of adipogenesis is thus an indispensable step to gain insight in how gene expression is regulated to achieve the adipocyte phenotype. Here we will summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the organization of nuclear architecture as progenitor cells differentiate in adipocytes, and the questions that still remained to be answered.Fil: Charó, Nancy Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Ceschan, María I.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Galigniana, Natalia Maricel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Toneatto, Judith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Piwien Pilipuk, Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentin