Metodologias e Estratégias Pedagógicas utilizadas por Educadores de uma Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade

This study aimed to characterize the pedagogical strategies used in educational activities on a continuing education program for seniors. It is an exploratory and descriptive study with the participation of 82 teachers/instructors. The responses related to what facilitates learning of the elderly have generated three groups of responses: Category 1. Problematizing Participant Pedagogy; Category 2. Cognitive strategies considering the declines associated with age; Category 3. Pedagogy of Transmission. It was concluded that during the educational process, an active and critical appropriation must be encouraged, instead of the static accumulation of knowledge on the part of the elderly.O estudo buscou caracterizar as estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas nas atividades educativas em um programa de educação permanente para idosos. O estudo é de caráter exploratório-descritivo, com participação de 82 professores/monitores. As emissões referentes ao que facilita a aprendizagem da pessoa idosa geraram três grupos de respostas: Categoria 1. Pedagogia Participativa Problematizadora; Categoria 2. Estratégias cognitivas considerando os declínios associados à idade; Categoria 3. Pedagogia da Transmissão. Concluiu-se que durante o processo educacional, deve-se encorajar uma apropriação ativa e crítica, em vez do acúmulo estático de conhecimento por parte das pessoas idosas

Radiografia periapical no auxílio de diagnóstico para cálculo salivar no ducto de Stensen: relato de caso

Salivary calculus, also known as sialolithiasis, is an alteration that affects the salivary glands and/or their ducts promoting an obstruction of these through deposition of minerals in the ductal system. The most frequent gland is the submandibular gland, followed by the parotid, sublingual and minor salivary glands. The diagnosis can be made with the help of radiographs, in addition to the semi-technical features of palpation. The diagnostic hypothesis is confirmed after excisional biopsy with the removal of the salivary calculus. The objective of this study is to report a case of a 62-year-old patient who had a complaint of “dry mouth”. During the clinical examination, no alterations were observed; however, a radiopaque image was observed in the periapical radio- graph in the right upper molar region, which, during palpation, presented as a hardened/stony consistency nodule, suggestive of parotid sialolith. An excisional biopsy was performed confirming the diagnostic hypothesis. The patient was followed for a period of 6 months without signs of recurrence of the lesion.O cálculo salivar, também conhecido como sialolitíase, é uma alteração que acomete as glândulas salivares e/ou seus ductos promovendo uma obstrução destes por meio da deposição de minerais no sistema ductal. A glândula de maior ocorrência é a submandibular, seguida pela parótida, sublingual e glândulas salivares menores. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado com auxílio de radiografias, além dos recursos semiotécnicos de palpação. A hipótese diagnóstica é confirmada após a realização da biopsia excisional com remoção do cálculo salivar. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de um paciente com 62 anos que apresentava queixa de “boca seca”. Durante o exame físico observou-se um nódulo de consistência endurecida/ pétrea na mucosa jugal, confirmado por radiografia periapical em região de molares superiores direito que revelou uma imagem radiopaca, sugestiva de sialólito de parótida. Foi realizada biópsia excisional que confirmou a hipótese diagnóstica. O paciente foi acompanhado por um período de 6 meses sem sinais de recidiva da lesão

Profiles of cognitive impairment in the continuum from normal cognition to Alzheimer's Clinical Syndrome:Contributions of the Short-term Memory Binding tests

Background: Short-term memory binding (STMB) tests assess conjunctive binding, in which participants should remember the integration of features, such as shapes (or objects) and colors, forming a unique representation in memory. In this study, we investigated two STMB paradigms: change detection (CD) and free recall (FR). Objective: To investigate the cognitive profile in the CD and FR tasks of three diagnostic groups: cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's clinical syndrome (ACS). In addition, we aimed to calculate and compare the accuracy of the CD and FR tasks to identify MCI and ACS. Methods: Participants were 24 CU, 24 MCI, and 37 ACS. The cognitive scores of the clinical groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out to verify the accuracy of the STMB tasks. Results: In the CD task, CU was different from MCI and ACS (CU > MCI = ACS), while in the FR task all groups were different (CU > MCI > ACS). The ROC analyses showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.855 comparing CU with MCI for the CD task and 0.975 for the FR. The AUC comparing CU and ACS was 0.924 for the CD and 0.973 for the FR task. The FR task showed better accuracy to identify MCI patients, and the same accuracy to detect ACS. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that impairments in CD and FR of bound representations are features of the cognitive profiles of MCI and ACS patients

Recalling feature bindings differentiates Alzheimer’s disease from Frontotemporal Dementia

It has been challenging to identify clinical cognitive markers that can differentiate patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from those with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). The Short-term Memory Binding (STMB) test assesses the ability to integrate colors and shapes into unified representations and to hold them temporarily during online performance. The objective of this study is to investigate whether free recall deficits during short-term memory binding (STMB) test can differentiate patients with AD from those with bvFTD and controls. Participants were 32 cognitively intact adults, 35 individuals with AD and 18 with bvFTD. All patients were in the mild dementia stage. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to examine the diagnostic accuracy of the STMB. The results showed that AD patients performed significantly worse than controls and bvFTD patients in the STMB test, while the latter groups showed equivalent performance. The bound condition of the STMB test showed an AUC of 0.853, with 84.4% of sensitivity and 80% of specificity to discriminate AD from controls and an AUC of 0.794, with 72.2% of sensitivity and 80% of specificity to differentiate AD from bvFTD. Binding deficits seem specific to AD. The free recall version of the STMB test can be used for clinical purposes and may aid in the differential diagnosis of AD. Findings support the view that the STMB may be a suitable cognitive marker for AD

Disease progression in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease: the contribution of staging scales

Introduction: There is a shortage of validated instruments to estimate disease progression in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Objectives: To evaluate the ability of the FTD Rating Scale (FTD-FRS) to detect functional and behavioral changes in patients diagnosed with the behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and Alzheimer disease (AD) after 12 months of the initial evaluation, compared to the Clinical Dementia Rating scale - frontotemporal lobar degeneration (CDR-FTLD) and the original Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR). Methods: The sample consisted of 70 individuals, aged 40+ years, with at least two years of schooling, 31 with the diagnosis of bvFTD, 12 with PPA (8 with semantic variant and 4 with non-fluent variant) and 27 with AD. The FTD-FRS, the CDR and the two additional CDR-FTLD items were completed by a clinician, based on the information provided by the caregiver with frequent contact with the patient. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) was completed by patients. After 12 months, the same protocol was applied. Results: The FTD-FRS, CDR-FTLD and CDR detected significant decline after 12 months in the three clinical groups (exception: FTD-FRS for PPA). The CDR was less sensitive to severe disease stages. Conclusions: The FTD-FRS and the CDR-FTLD are especially useful tools for dementia staging in AD and in the FTD spectrum

The presence of depressive symptoms and cognitive performance among older individuals with and without self-reported chronic diseases

ABSTRACT. Dementias secondary to cardiovascular diseases are the second cause of neurogenerative diseases. These conditions can be prevented by controlling risk factors, and it is necessary to observe the relationship between chronic diseases. Objective: to know the influence of chronic non-communicable diseases on cognition and depressive symptoms in the elderly, amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: 578 older adults were evaluated using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Brazilian Telephone version of the Mini Mental State Examination (Braztel-MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and an open questionnaire related to NCDs. Results: the association of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) with age, depressive symptoms and schooling was confirmed. Conclusion: no association with cognitive decline was evident due to the relationship of high schooling of participants and control of NCDs

Psicoeducação para idosos hipertensos: exemplo de metodologia aplicada

Pretendeu-se testar a eficácia de intervenção de oito sessões sobre conhecimentos e atitudes a respeito da hipertensão arterial. Participaram 64 idosos que se declararam como hipertensos; 35 participaram do grupo experimental (GE) e 29 do grupo controle (GC). Participantes do GC receberam treino após o pós-teste. O protocolo utilizado conteve questionários que incluíram dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, medidas de pressão arterial, Questionário de Conhecimento sobre a Hipertensão (QCH), e um questionário sobre atitudes, e conscientização, a respeito de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. O GE apresentou maior conhecimento acerca da hipertensão, atitudes mais positivas e melhor conscientização em relação ao uso dos fármacos anti-hipertensivos, quando comparado ao GC após a intervenção. Não houve diferença quanto aos valores de PA após a intervenção. Documentou-se a aplicabilidade da psicoeducação aliada ao treino cognitivo para contribuir com o manejo de condições crônicas de saúde em idosos

The relationship between memory complaints and age in normal aging

Abstract Normal aging can be characterized by a gradual decline in some cognitive functions, such as memory. Memory complaints are common among older adults, and may indicate depression, anxiety, or cognitive decline. Objectives: To investigate the association between memory complaints and age in cognitively unimpaired older adults, and the relationship between memory complaints and memory performance. Methods: Cognitive screening tests as well as memory complaint questionnaires validated for the Brazilian population were used: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q), Memory test of 18 pictures, Forward and Backward Digit Span (WAIS-III). Fifty seven regular members of the SESC social club participated (50 women), having a mean age of 71.4 years, and 4 to 8 years of education - 34 from 4 to 7 years and 23 with 8 years of education. Results: Results revealed no significant association between cognitive complaints and age or cognitive performance. Older participants in this sample did not show worse performance or a higher level of complaints. There was no significant association between age and GDS scores. Conclusions: The studied sample constitutes a particular group of older adults whose participation in activities may be protecting them from cognitive decline, thus highlighting the impact of lifestyle on cognitive performance during the aging process

Elaboração de um plano de gestão de atenção à saúde do idoso aliado à ação psicoeducativa: Um estudo de caso

O presente estudo objetivou realizar um relato de caso, a fim de elaborar um plano de gestão de atenção a ser compartilhado com o idoso e a equipe de saúde de um Centro de Saúde Escola. Objetivou-se, também, a realização de uma ação psicoeducativa em relação às doenças crônicas apresentadas pelo idoso. Trata-se de relato de caso resultante de intervenção na Atenção Primária, realizada em um Centro de Saúde Escola gerenciado pelo Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia do município de São Paulo. Utilizou-se a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (versão 15 itens); também foi aplicado um protocolo elaborado pelo grupo de docentes do curso de Bacharelado em Gerontologia da EACH-USP, denominado Plano de Atenção Gerontológica e um instrumento complementar de avaliação da rede de suporte social e familiar, o Mapa Mínimo de Relações Sociais do Idoso. Após realização de quatro visitas domiciliárias, detectou-se a necessidade de reativar a relação com a instituição, em relação à sua rotina, precisando reduzir seu tempo ocioso; quanto às Atividades Básicas de Vida Diária, observou-se que seria necessário reestabelecer algum grau de autonomia; a usuária apresentou ter boa rede de suporte social. A paciente aceitou retomar o tratamento na instituição, através da mediação das estagiárias; foram realizadas ações psicoeducativas sobre patologias, medicações, e utilização de serviços públicos; o desconhecimento desses assuntos eram fatores que colaboraram para a não adesão ao tratamento. Foi elaborado um roteiro de atividades que a usuária poderia realizar. A paciente aguarda contato da equipe e passou a realizar atividades cognitivas