Network performance optimization using Odd and Even routing algorithm

The revolution on static wireless sensor network (WSN) had gained popularity in remote monitoring especially in oil and gas pipeline integrity. The use of WSN in oil and gas pipelines facilitates real time data transmission from sensors to the monitoring station located miles away. WSN for pipeline network are critical performance driven communication mechanism due to its unique linear geographical set up. The network performance of linear topology is compromised proportionally to the number of nodes. Such a drawback results in poor delivery ratio, throughput, latency and fairness due to its snowball effect towards the destination node. In this paper, we proposed a novel routing method, Odd-Even Linear Static Routing Path (OE-LSRP) to achieve significant improvements in overall network performance in TCP traffic. Various simulation experiments are tested with OE-LSRP in accordance to IEEE 802.11standard to achieve results in making it feasible for the pipeline network

TCP Timeout Mechanism for Optimization of Network Fairness and Performance in Multi-Hop Pipeline Network

In the recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) has a huge impact in many remote based applications especially in oil and gas pipeline monitoring. Thus, the deployment of a multi-hop linear WSN will be a practical solution on pipelines. With a large multi-hop linear WSN, the overall network performance is badly affected especially due to node starvation. Inequality among source nodes is relatively an amplified factor of generated data rate and source node distances from the destination node. In this paper, we proposed a mathematical model for TCP Delayed Timeout Acknowledgement (DTO-ACK) mechanism for non-zero passive nodes. Optimum throughput fairness can be achieved by implementation of DTO-ACK with Dual Interleaving Linear Static Routing Protocol (DI-LSRP) for flat topology. Implementation of DTO-ACK and modification of TCP parameters reduces packet collision and ensures optimal throughput fairness in a multi-hop linear topology using TCP agent

Enhancing Pipeline Network Performance Using Dual Interleaving Cluster Head Routing Protocol

Remote monitoring of oil and gas pipelines has been the most prevalent application of static wireless sensor network (WSN). WSN has a great potential in facilitating real-time data transfer between sensor nodes and a centralise monitoring station. For pipeline WSN, network performance is critical among sensor nodes in a linear chain topology. Expanding the communication range by increasing number of nodes in a linear architecture compromises the performance of WSN. Thus, WSN results in a severe impact on low throughput, high latency, poor delivery ratio, high energy consumption and network inequality. In this paper, we proposed Dual Interleaving Cluster Head Linear Static Routing Protocol (DICH-LSRP), a routing protocol for cluster-based topology. DICH-LSRP in a pipeline simulation environment were evaluated with compliance to IEEE 802.11 standard on impending factors of WSN performance. The simulation results help to better understand some key areas of WSN performance metrics and the implementation of DICH-LSRP in a multi-hop linear topology

Static pipeline network performance optimisation using dual interleave routing algorithm

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). In the recent years, there is an increasing demand on multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSN) especially for remote condition and integrity monitoring of oil and gas pipelines. The sensing points are connected through WSN points, known as a wireless communication medium, between the remotely measured locations on a pipeline and a centralised monitoring station, located some distance away. Generally, WSN deployment on a multi-hop linear topology has critical factors that contribute towards overall degrading of network performance proportional to the number of nodes. This is especially true in highly dense networks. In general, such a drawback contributes towards poor network reliability, low network capacity, high latency, and inequality with snowballing effect, increasing in the direction of the destination node. This paper introduces the Dual Interleaving Linear Static Routing (DI-LSR) for a multi-hop linear network with high reliability and efficiency to significantly enhance the overall network performance of a pipeline network. The DI-LSR was tested and analysed according to IEEE 802.11 standard in a various simulation environment for future real-time deployment in a pipeline network.ABSTRAK: Sejak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, terdapat permintaan yang drastik pada rangkaian multi-hop sensor wayarles (WSN) terutamanya bagi pemantauan jarak jauh dan integriti saluran paip minyak dan gas. Kesemua unit pengesan antara lokasi disambung melalui satu saluran WSN yang dikenali sebagai medium komunikasi wayarles dan diukur ke stesen pemantauan berpusat. Penempatan WSN pada topologi linear multi-hop mempunyai faktor-faktor penyumbang kepada penurunan prestasi keseluruhan rangkaian yang berkadar dengan jumlah bilangan nod dalam rangkaian yang padat. Secara umum, kelemahan ini adalah penyumbang kepada kebolehpercayaan rangkaian, kapasiti rangkaian rendah, respon rangkaian tinggi dan faktor pendorong kesan ketidaksamaan terhadap nod destinasi. Kajian ini memperkenalkan Dual interleaving Linear Static Routing (DI-LSR) iaitu algoritma jalinan komunikasi cekap bagi mencapai peningkatan ketara keseluruhan prestasi dalam saluran paip rangkaian. DI-LSR telah diuji dan dianalisa dalam pelbagai persekitaran simulasi mengikut piawaian IEEE 802.11 bagi mengatur kedudukan pada masa depan saluran paip rangkaian.This work is part of a research project entitled Analysis and implementation of an IoT based remote monitoring of oil and gas pipelines, grant no. PJP/2018/FKEKK (5B)/S01618 funded by Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

TIEG1/KLF10 Modulates Runx2 Expression and Activity in Osteoblasts

Deletion of TIEG1/KLF10 in mice results in a gender specific osteopenic skeletal phenotype with significant defects in both cortical and trabecular bone, which are observed only in female animals. Calvarial osteoblasts isolated from TIEG1 knockout (KO) mice display reduced expression levels of multiple bone related genes, including Runx2, and exhibit significant delays in their mineralization rates relative to wildtype controls. These data suggest that TIEG1 plays an important role in regulating Runx2 expression in bone and that decreased Runx2 expression in TIEG1 KO mice is in part responsible for the observed osteopenic phenotype. In this manuscript, data is presented demonstrating that over-expression of TIEG1 results in increased expression of Runx2 while repression of TIEG1 results in suppression of Runx2. Transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that TIEG1 directly binds to and activates the Runx2 promoter. The zinc finger containing domain of TIEG1 is necessary for this regulation supporting that activation occurs through direct DNA binding. A role for the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in fine tuning the regulation of Runx2 expression by TIEG1 is also implicated in this study. Additionally, the regulation of Runx2 expression by cytokines such as TGFβ1 and BMP2 is shown to be inhibited in the absence of TIEG1. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization assays indicate that TIEG1 protein associates with Runx2 protein resulting in co-activation of Runx2 transcriptional activity. Lastly, Runx2 adenoviral infection of TIEG1 KO calvarial osteoblasts leads to increased expression of Runx2 and enhancement of their ability to differentiate and mineralize in culture. Taken together, these data implicate an important role for TIEG1 in regulating the expression and activity of Runx2 in osteoblasts and suggest that decreased expression of Runx2 in TIEG1 KO mice contributes to the observed osteopenic bone phenotype

Anterior fundoplication at the time of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair

The loss of normal anatomic barriers in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can predispose children to gastroesophageal reflux (GER). In an attempt to improve post-operative feeding, we have added a modified anterior fundoplication to restore natural gastric and esophageal positioning. The institutional review board of both participating centers approved this study. Between 1997 and 2008, 13 neonates with high-risk anatomy underwent repair of CDH combined with an anterior fundoplication (Boix-Ochoa). The anatomic indications for concomitant fundoplication were absence of an intra-abdominal esophagus, an obtuse angle of His, and a small, vertically oriented stomach. Ten patients survived to discharge and eight were on full oral nourishment. One required partial gastrostomy feedings for an improving oral aversion and quickly progressed to full oral feedings. One patient with chromosomal anomalies and swallowing dysfunction remained on long-term bolus gastrostomy feedings. Two with progressive symptoms of GER and failure to thrive required conversion to a 360° wrap after 18 months of medical management. This was performed in conjunction with a planned, staged muscle flap reconstruction in one patient. There were no complications related to the fundoplication. Anatomic predictors of severe GER can be efficiently countered at the time of CDH repair. A modified fundoplication should be considered in the operative management of high-risk infants

Functional Dichotomy between NKG2D and CD28-Mediated Co-Stimulation in Human CD8+ T Cells

Both CD28 and NKG2D can function as co-stimulatory receptors in human CD8+ T cells. However, their independent functional contributions in distinct CD8+ T cell subsets are not well understood. In this study, CD8+ T cells in human peripheral blood- and lung-derived lymphocytes were analyzed for CD28 and NKG2D expression and function. We found a higher level of CD28 expression in PBMC-derived naïve (CD45RA+CD27+) and memory (CD45RA−CD27+) CD8+ T cells (CD28Hi), while its expression was significantly lower in effector (CD45RA+CD27−) CD8+ T cells (CD28Lo). Irrespective of the differences in the CD28 levels, NKG2D expression was comparable in all three CD8+ T cell subsets. CD28 and NKG2D expressions followed similar patterns in human lung-resident GILGFVFTL/HLA-A2-pentamer positive CD8+ T cells. Co-stimulation of CD28Lo effector T cells via NKG2D significantly increased IFN-γ and TNF-α levels. On the contrary, irrespective of its comparable levels, NKG2D-mediated co-stimulation failed to augment IFN-γ and TNF-α production in CD28Hi naïve/memory T cells. Additionally, CD28-mediated co-stimulation was obligatory for IL-2 generation and thereby its production was limited only to the CD28Hi naïve/memory subsets. MICA, a ligand for NKG2D was abundantly expressed in the tracheal epithelial cells, validating the use of NKG2D as the major co-stimulatory receptor by tissue-resident CD8+ effector T cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that NKG2D may provide an expanded level of co-stimulation to tissue-residing effector CD8+ T cells. Thus, incorporation of co-stimulation via NKG2D in addition to CD28 is essential to activate tumor or tissue-infiltrating effector CD8+ T cells. However, boosting a recall immune response via memory CD8+ T cells or vaccination to stimulate naïve CD8+ T cells would require CD28-mediated co-stimulation

Surface-initiated growth of copper using isonicotinic acid-functionalized aluminum oxide surfaces

Isonicotinate self-assembled monolayers (SAM) were prepared on alumina surfaces (A) using isonicotinic acid (iNA). These functionalized layers (iNA-A) were used for the seeded growth of copper films (Cu-iNA-A) by hydrazine hydrate-initiated electroless deposition. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and advancing contact angle measurements. The films are Cu0 but with surface oxidation, and show a faceted morphology, which is more textured (Rq = 460 ± 90 nm) compared to the SAM (Rq = 2.8 ± 0.5 nm). In contrast, growth of copper films by SnCl2/PdCl2 catalyzed electroless deposition, using formaldehyde (CH2O) as the reducing agent, shows a nodular morphology on top of a relatively smooth surface. No copper films are observed in the absence of the isonicotinate SAM. The binding of Cu2+ to the iNA is proposed to facilitate reduction to Cu0 and create the seed for subsequent growth. The films show good adhesion to the functionalized surface

Measurement of the cross-section of high transverse momentum vector bosons reconstructed as single jets and studies of jet substructure in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a measurement of the cross-section for high transverse momentum W and Z bosons produced in pp collisions and decaying to all-hadronic final states. The data used in the analysis were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV;{\rm Te}{\rm V}$and correspond to an integrated luminosity of$4.6\;{\rm f}{{{\rm b}}^{-1}}$. The measurement is performed by reconstructing the boosted W or Z bosons in single jets. The reconstructed jet mass is used to identify the W and Z bosons, and a jet substructure method based on energy cluster information in the jet centre-of-mass frame is used to suppress the large multi-jet background. The cross-section for events with a hadronically decaying W or Z boson, with transverse momentum${{p}_{{\rm T}}}\gt 320\;{\rm Ge}{\rm V}$and pseudorapidity$|\eta |\lt 1.9$, is measured to be${{\sigma }_{W+Z}}=8.5\pm 1.7$ pb and is compared to next-to-leading-order calculations. The selected events are further used to study jet grooming techniques