10 research outputs found
Povezanost okluzalnih disharmonija i simptoma temporomandibularnih disfunkcija
Introduction: The influence of occlusal condition on the onset of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been strongly debated for many years and is still the source of controversy. Until 1980s, the occlusal factors such as the presence of uncured malocclusions, discrepancies between intercuspal position (ICP) and retruded contact position (RCP) greater than two millimeters, occlusal abnormality, particularly mediotrusion and retrusion, and loss of posterior teeth were considered the primary causes of TMD. Objective: The objective of our study was to find correlation of occlusion disharmonies (difference between ICP and RCP) and present sings and symptoms of TMD. Method: The study involved 60 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age who were divided in two groups. The study group consisted of 30 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age with sings and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). TMD was confirmed according to Helkimo index. An average value of Helkimo index in this group was 1. The control group included 30 subjects between 20 and 25 years of age without TMD sings and symptoms. An average value of Helkimo index in this group was 0. The function analysis of cinematic centers position in RCP and ICP was performed in each subject using the computer pantograph Arcus-Digma (KaVo EWL GmbH, Leutkirch, Germany). Results: The results of our study showed that the translation tracing of cinematic points from RCP to ICP was significantly different in TMD subjects and asymptomatic group (p>0.16). In addition, the study revealed that 53.4 % of subjects with sings and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders had marked translation in the lower temporomandibular joint (0.61-1.2 mm) what directed to intracapsular disorders. Conclusion: The results of our study suggested significant difference of RCP and ICP between subjects with sings and symptoms of the temporomandibular disorders and subjects without sings and symptoms.Uvod: Uloga okluzalnih disharmonija u etiologiji temporomandibularnih disfunkcija (TMD) joÅ” uvek je kontroverzno pitanje u struÄnoj literaturi i kliniÄkoj praksi. Do osamdeseti h godina proÅ”log veka smatralo se da su etioloÅ”ki faktori presudni za nastanak TMD: okluzalni faktori (poput odreÄenih malokluzija), razlike izmeÄu retrudovanog kontaktnog položaja (RKP) i interkuspalnog položaja (IKP) veÄe od 2 mm, postojanje okluzalnih smetnji (naroÄito mediotruzijskih i retruzijskih), kao i gubitak boÄnih zuba. Cilj rada: Cilj rada bilo je utvrÄivanje veze izmeÄu okluzalnih disharmonija (razlika izmeÄu RKP i IKP) i prisutnih znakova (simptoma) TMD. Metod rada: Istraživanjem je obuhvaÄeno 60 ispitanika oba pola, starosti od 18 do 26 godina, podeljenih u dve grupe. Studijsku grupu Äinilo je 30 ispitanika oÄuvane prirodne okluzije, sa utvrÄenim odreÄenim znacima (simptomima) TMD (indeks disfunkcije po Helkimu bio je veÄi od 1). Kontrolnu grupu Äinilo je 30 ispitanika oÄuvane prirodne okluzije, bez registrovanih znakova (simptoma) TMD (indeks disfunkcije po Helkimu bio je jednak 0). Funkcionalna analiza pozicije kinematskih centara u RKP i IKP (EPA te st) vrÅ”ena je pomoÄu kompjuterskog pantografa "arkus digma" (proizvoÄaÄa KaVo EWL GmbH, Lojtkirh, NemaÄka). Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali da je translat orno pomeranje kinematskog cent ra rotacije na relaciji RKP-IKP (mereno na nivou zgloba) signifikantno veÄe kod ispitanika sa simptomima TMD (p>0,16). Izrazit translatorni pomak u donjem zglobnom prostoru (0,61ā1,2 mm) imalo je 53,4% ispitanika iz ove grupe, Å”to upuÄuje na prisustvo intrakapsularnih poremeÄaja. ZakljuÄak: Ustanovljeno je postojanje signifikantnih razlika izmeÄu RKP i IKP kod ispitanika sa znacima i simptomima temporomandibularnih disfunkcija i ispitanika bez ovih znakova
Stanje alveolarne kosti u predelu zadržanih zuba u pacijenta sa donjom totalnom
In everyday dental practice, prosthetic treatment of patients having a small number of remaining natural teeth is more or less common and the remaining teeth are kept for improvement of retentive abilities of removable prosthodontics. The essence of the concept discussed herein is that the remaining teeth are to be left in place for purpose of preservatingof the alveolar bone and providing permanent and stable support for complete dentures. Patient M.J.,female had an edentulous upper jaw and 3 remaining lower incisors. After adequate preparation-endodontic treatment, as well as parodontal treatment, clinical crowns were reduced, and then cast cap crowns positioned on parts of dental tissues. Finally, the upper complete denture and lower overdenture were positioned. After the positioning of dentures, a special retroalveolar film holder was placed, dental retroalveolar radiographs were positioned and radiographs were made. The holder was designed to provide intraoral radiograph in selected repeatable positions of radiographs and in the same conditions- standardized procedure, so that it was possible to compare radiograms. Measurements were made on each film for each tooth from its mesial, as well as distal sides, between apexes and coronal borders of alveolar bones. Patient M.J. received dentures and the first radiograph was made at the baseline when cast cap crowns and dentures were positioned in her mouth. Followe-ups were in an identical mode of radiograph and assessing radiographs after 1, 7 and 12 years. We concluded that we achieved a maximum therapeutic effect in such a long period of time. The influence of patients' motivation and better ability to persist in keeping and maintaing oral higiene were main factors for success.Danas se u svakodnevnoj stomatoloÅ”koj praksi u sluÄajevima maksimalne krezubosti veoma Äesto koriste preostali zubi za poboljÅ”anje retencije mobilnih nadoknada. MeÄutim, suÅ”tina ovde primenjenog koncepta je da su preostali zubi zadržani sa ciljem da Äuvaju alveolarnu kost, obezbeÄujuÄi time trajniju i stabilniju potporu totalnoj protezi. Pacijent M J, u gornjoj vilici je bila bezuba, a u donjoj je imala svega 3 preostala zuba (sekutiÄa). Ovi zubi su nakon adekvatne pripreme (endodontski tretman redukcija kliniÄke krune, parodontalni tretman) zaÅ”tiÄeni livenim kapicama a nakon toga su izraÄene mobilne nadoknade: u gornjoj vilici klasiÄna totalna, a u donjoj totalna supradentalna proteza. Na predaji proteza je izraÄen specijalni držaÄ Rtg filma i naÄinjen retroalveolarni snimak ovih zuba. Kao držaÄ poslužila je specijalna kaÅ”ika izraÄena od autoplimerizujuÄeg akrilata na radnom modelu. S obzirom na normiranu poziciju snimka postupak rtg snimanja bilo je moguÄe ponoviti na identiÄan naÄin posle 1, 7 i 12 godina. Može se zakljuÄiti da je postignut maksimalni terapijski efekat u ovom dugom vremenskom periodu. Motivacija i sposobnost pacijenta da održava oralnu higijenu i higijenu nadoknade su glavni faktori za uspeh
Cephalometric Indicators of the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion
The aim of this investigation was to establish precise indicators of the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) which
could be used as objective parameters in prosthodontic treatment providing exact control of the reconstructed vertical dimension
of occlusion, early detection of errors and correction of the vertical dimension of occlusion during complete denture
manufacturing. A total of 60 lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects with natural dentition and class I skeletal
jaw relationship, of Serbian nationality from the region of Vojvodina, were included in the investigation. Thirty
subjects were males, and thirty females, their age range was 20 to 29 years. Cephalometric analysis was performed by using
Ā»Dr. CephĀ« computer software (FYI Technologies, GA, USA). By evaluation of the craniofacial complex in subjects
with natural dentition, horizontal dentofacial developmental growth was established in the examined sample and it was
based on the relationship between the posterior and anterior total facial height (SāGo:NāMe, b X=68.96%, aX=72.8%)
and statistically significant differences were found between the sexes in almost all linear dimensions and in the relation
between the posterior and the anterior total facial height. Highly significant differences (p<0.001) between the sexes were
found in regard to anterior total facial height (NāMe, aX=120.75mm, b X=112.72mm) and the anterior lower facial
height (ANSāMe, aX=67.87mm, b X=61.50mm) (p<0.05). The proportions of the upper and lower anterior facial
heights (NāANS:ANSāMe, aX=79.36%, b X=80.63%) were within normal values in both sexes. Facial harmony existed
both in men and women. Cephalometric study of the subjects with complete natural dentition included in this study provided
important and specific parameters for optimal reconstruction of vertical dimension of occlusion in the treatment of
edentulous patients
PraÄenje nivoa alveolarne kosti u predelu zadržanih zuba kod pacijenata sa donjom totalnom supradentalnom protezom desetogodiÅ”nja longitudinalna studija
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of overdentures on the condition of alveolar bone around the remaining teeth over 10 years. Materials and Methods: After preparation of all the remaining abutment teeth in the lower jaw, overdentures were fabricated for 22 patients. The radiographs were made at the delivery stage, then 6 and 10 years after delivery. The radiographs were evaluated using the grid scale and the film holder made it possible to repeate x-ray procedure in every patient in the same manner. Results: We concluded that we achieved the maximum therapeutic effect. Conclusion: Good oral hygiene is the key of success with overdentures.Cilj: Cilj ove studije bio je da se izmere efekti supradentalnih proteza na stanje alveolarne kosti u predelu zadržanih zuba za vreme od 10 godina. Materijal i metod: Nakon pripreme svih zadržanih "patrljaka zuba" u donjoj vilici, naÄinjene su donje totalne supradentalne proteze za 22 pacijenta. Dentalne radiografije tih zuba su uraÄene na poÄetku, pri predaji proteza, a zatim 6 i 10 godina nakon predaje. Dentalni rentgenski snimci uporeÄivani su uz pomoÄ Å¾iÄane mrežice i držaÄa rentgen filma koji su pripremljeni za svakog pacijenta i svaki zub idividualno Äime je bila obezbeÄena izrada identiÄno pozicioniranih dentalnih radiografija u razliÄitim vremenskim periodima. Rezultati: Dobijeni rezultati ove studije ukazuju da je postignut maksimalan terapeutski efekat u pacijenata sa malim brojem preostalih, parodontloÅ”ki loÅ”ih zuba. ZakljuÄak: Dobra oralna higijena je kljuÄ uspeha tretmana supradentalnim protezama
Meki materijali za trajno podlaganje mobilnih proteza
Materials that have been used for permanent lining of removable dentures have long elastic phase and, therefore, their usage is indicated in patients -where the age, general health status and the condition of oral tissues require the permanent coushioning effect upon oral mucosa. This article describes their chemical composition and physical properties, as -well as the factors determining their stability in the oral environment. The numerous advantages and disadvantages of these materials in the clinical practice have been emphasized and the procedure of their clinical usage has been clearly outlined.Materijali za trajno podlaganje mobilnih proteza imaju dugu elastiÄnu fazu, pa je njihova primena indikovana kod pacijenata kod kojih starost, opÅ”te zdravstveno stanje ili stanje oralnih tkiva zahtevaju trajno amortizovanje mastikatornih sila. U radu su opisani kemijski sastav, fiziÄke osobine ovih materijala kao i faktori koji determiniÅ”u njihovu postojanost u oralnoj sredim. Istaknute su brojne prednosti, kao i nedostaci mekih materijala i opisan je postupak njihove kliniÄke primene
The relationship of occlusal disharmonies and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders
Introduction: The influence of occlusal condition on the onset of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been strongly debated for many years and is still the source of controversy. Until 1980s, the occlusal factors such as the presence of uncured malocclusions, discrepancies between intercuspal position (ICP) and retruded contact position (RCP) greater than two millimeters, occlusal abnormality, particularly mediotrusion and retrusion, and loss of posterior teeth were considered the primary causes of TMD. Objective: The objective of our study was to find correlation of occlusion disharmonies (difference between ICP and RCP) and present sings and symptoms of TMD. Method: The study involved 60 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age who were divided in two groups. The study group consisted of 30 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age with sings and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). TMD was confirmed according to Helkimo index. An average value of Helkimo index in this group was 1. The control group included 30 subjects between 20 and 25 years of age without TMD sings and symptoms. An average value of Helkimo index in this group was 0. The function analysis of cinematic centers position in RCP and ICP was performed in each subject using the computer pantograph Arcus-Digma (KaVo EWL GmbH, Leutkirch, Germany). Results: The results of our study showed that the translation tracing of cinematic points from RCP to ICP was significantly different in TMD subjects and asymptomatic group (p>0.16). In addition, the study revealed that 53.4 % of subjects with sings and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders had marked translation in the lower temporomandibular joint (0.61-1.2 mm) what directed to intracapsular disorders. Conclusion: The results of our study suggested significant difference of RCP and ICP between subjects with sings and symptoms of the temporomandibular disorders and subjects without sings and symptoms
UÄestalost kraniomandibularnih disfunkcija u populaciji vojnika Republike Srbije
Introduction. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cra- niomandibular dysfunction (CMD) in the military personel of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the distribution of sings and symptoms of CMD in this population group. Material and methods. The epidemiological investigation included 284 male persons between 18-25 years of age. The sample consisted of Military Academy students, and soldiers from different regions of the Republic of Serbia. A questionnaire was designed using Helkimo's clinical dysfunction index and sings and symptoms of CMD were evaluated, namely the anamnestic index (Ai) and the dysfunction index (Di). Results. According to the anamnestic dysfunction index (Ai), 85% of persons among the examined group presented without any symptoms of CMD (Ai=0), 14% had mild symptoms (Ai =1) and 1% had severe symptoms of CMD (Ai=5). Functional analysis of the orofacial system in the examined group (evaluation of dysfunction index - Di) revealed, however, that 70% of solders had at least one sign of CMD, precisely a dysfunction index Di>0. The analysis of signs and symptoms of CMD revealed that disturbances in mandibular kinematics were the most prevalent sign of CMD in this population group, which was confirmed in 56% of examined persons. Disturbed functions of temporomandibular (TM) joints (click, and reciprocal click, deviation and deflection during mandibular opening) were established in 31% of examined persons, and sensitivity of TM joints and masticatory muscles during palpation in 4% of examined persons. Pain during mandibular movements was established only in 1% of examined persons. Conclusion. The results of this investigation point to significant prevalence of Craniomandibular disorders in the examined population group. The incidence of TMJ and masticaory muscle pain in 4% of examined persons and of pain during mandibular movements only in 1% of examined persons, points to presence of mild or initial types of CMD in this population group.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi uÄestalost kraniomandibularnih disfunkcija kod vojnih obveznika na teritoriji R. Srbije kao i zastupljenost pojedinih znakova i simptoma kraniomandibularne disfunkcije u ovoj popularnoj grupi. EpidemioloÅ”ka istraživanja su obuhvatila grupu od 284 osobe muÅ”kog pola (pitomci vojne akademije i vojni obveznici iz razliÄitih regiona Republike Srbije uzrasta 18-25 godina). Za potrebe ovih istraživanja koriÅ”Äen je upitnik odnosno anamnestiÄki indeks i indeks disfunkcije prema Helkimu istraživanja su pokazala da 85% ispitanika u anamnezi ne navodi bilo kakve simptome kraniomandibularnih disfunkcija (anamnesticilni indeks=0) 14% navodi postojale blagih simptoma (anamnesticilm indeks=1) dok 1% navodi izrazite simptome ovih poremeÄaja (anamnestiÄki indeks=5). Funkcijska analiza orofacijalnog sistema (vrednovanje indesa disfunkcije indeks disfunkcije)ukazuje, meÄutim, da 70% vojnih obveznika ima bar neki znak kraniomandibularne disfunkcije odnosno indeks disfunkcije (indeks disfunkcije veÄi od nule). Analizom pojedinih znakova i simptoma kraniomandibularne disfunkcije utvrÄeno je da je poremeÄena pokretljivost donje vilice najzastupljeniji znak kraniomandibularne disfunkcije u ovoj populacionoj grupi utvrÄen kod 56% ispitanika. PoremeÄaji u funkcionisanju temporomandibularnih zglobova (zvuÄni signali, devijacije, defleksije mandibule pri otvaranju usta utvrÄeni su kod 31% ispitanika, a palpatorna osetljivost temporomandibularnog zgloba, mastikatornih miÅ”iÄa kod 4% ispitanika. Bolne senzacije pri kretnjama donje vilice utvrÄene su kod 1% ispitanika. Istraživanja ukazuju na znaÄajnu uÄestalost kraniomandibularne disfunkcije u ispitivanoj populacionoj grupi. Äinjenice da se palpatorna osetljivost temporomandibularnog zgloba mastikatornih miÅ”iÄa sreÄe samo kod 4% ispitanika a bolna osetljivost samo kod 1% ispitanika ukazuju da se radi o blagim odnosno poÄetnim oblicima kraniomandibularnih disfunkcija
Promene mineralnih sastava mandibulnog tela u osteoporozi
The aim of investigation was to determine physical-chemic characteristics of selected segments of mandibular corpuses from 2 cadavers which would be indicators to determine changes of bone compositions due to osteoporosis. 3 samples from massive mandibular body from cadaver where teeth of lower arch persisted and 3 samples from mandibular edentulous corpus from another cadaver were investigated. External borders of samples were assigned. In the same x-ray exposing and in identical processing 2 orthopantomographs were made and optical densities(OPDs) of regions of interest were analyzed using DT II 05 (EU(England,UK)). Samples of similar dimensions were cut and then analyzed by scanning-electronic microscopy (Philips,EU). Using bensol as liquid phase on 200C in pycnometer, densities of samples of bones were analyzed. Values of OPDs, in U/mm2, amount: -2.48-sample(S)l, -2.86 S2, -2.51 S3, -0.90 S4, -1.40 S5, -0.62 S6. Statistically significant, to p lt 0.01 totals of cancellous sites were established in comparisons: of S6 and of S4, of SI and of S5 as well as of S2 and of S4, and to p lt 0.1 were established in comparisons: of Sl and of S3, of SI and of S6, of S2 and of S5, of S2 and of S6, of S3 and of S4, as well as of S6 and of S4. Mean thickness of cortical lamellae, in mm, amount: 17.9 Ā± 7.51 in S1, 12.22 + 1.17 in S2, 31.03 Ā± 8.91 in S3, 9.31 Ā± 3.89 in S4, 23.9 Ā± 11.7 in S5 and 4.06 Ā± 1,02 in S6. Densities in g/cm3, amount: 1.9658 for S1, 2.1141 for S2, 2.0748 for S3, 2.1296 for S4 2.2231 for S5 and 2.1357 for S6. Differences of densities and of compositions of non-osteoporotic mandibular-body samples, and of mandibular osteoporotic samples were determined.Osteoporoza jeste znaÄajno i zastupljeno oboljenje kada dominiraju procesi razgraÄivanja kostnih supstanci u humanim organizmima. Za razliku od Äinjenica da u literaturi postoje brojni prikazi ā makroskopski patoloÅ”ki preparati, mikroskopski patoloÅ”ki preparati, Å”ematizovane ilustracije itd. skoro da nema podataka ni o promenama fiziÄkih parametara, niti o uticajima kompleksnih hemijskih jedinjenja u kostnim supstancama izmenjenim usled osteoporoza na fiziÄko-hemijske osobenosti izmenjene kosti, tako da dosta toga joÅ” uvek nije ispitano u vezi karakteristika, izmena sastava i fiziÄko-hemijske osobenosti osteoporoznih kosti. (Kanis 1994; 1996, WHO 1994 KrÅ”ljak 1995, NovakoviÄ i Giordani 1996, PoÅ”tiÄ, MarkoviÄ, VeselinoviÄ TijaniÄ i Zec 2001). Svakako bi trebalo da bude interesantno i znaÄajno proceniti Å”ta je izmenjeno u makrostrukturama i Å”ta je sve izmenjeno u mikrostrukturama kosti oÅ”teÄenih usled osteoporoza. Äini se da je važno utvrditi kako bi trebalo delovati na nivou jedinjenja i potencijalno na nivou molekula. Stoga je potrebno ispitati kako bi, na osnovu izmena u mikrostrukturama kosti, trebalo inicirati pozitivno remodelovanje kostne supstance, da li su formirana jedinjenja kakva je potrebno razgraditi zato Å”to su apsolutno nepovoljna ili je moguÄe delovati, bez obzira na formirana odnosno preformirana jedinjenja, apozicijama potrebnih i u smislu osteogenih potencijala kvalitetnih jedinjenja na nivoima mikrostruktura. Ispitivanjima fiziÄko-hemijskih promena mikrostruktura kosti trebalo bi da budu utvrÄeni karakteristiÄni podaci, tako da bi na osnovu karakteristiÄnih podataka trebalo proceniti da li bi aplikovanjima posebno sintetisanih jedinjenja odnosno specifiÄnih supstanci i aplikovanjima posebno kombinovanih supstanci bilo moguÄe poboljÅ”ati strukture kosti, ojaÄati segmente kosti - poboljÅ”ati fiziÄko-hemijska svojstva i spreÄiti frakture segmenata kosti
Promene mineralnih sastava mandibulnog tela u osteoporozi
The aim of investigation was to determine physical-chemic characteristics of selected segments of mandibular corpuses from 2 cadavers which would be indicators to determine changes of bone compositions due to osteoporosis. 3 samples from massive mandibular body from cadaver where teeth of lower arch persisted and 3 samples from mandibular edentulous corpus from another cadaver were investigated. External borders of samples were assigned. In the same x-ray exposing and in identical processing 2 orthopantomographs were made and optical densities(OPDs) of regions of interest were analyzed using DT II 05 (EU(England,UK)). Samples of similar dimensions were cut and then analyzed by scanning-electronic microscopy (Philips,EU). Using bensol as liquid phase on 200C in pycnometer, densities of samples of bones were analyzed. Values of OPDs, in U/mm2, amount: -2.48-sample(S)l, -2.86 S2, -2.51 S3, -0.90 S4, -1.40 S5, -0.62 S6. Statistically significant, to p lt 0.01 totals of cancellous sites were established in comparisons: of S6 and of S4, of SI and of S5 as well as of S2 and of S4, and to p lt 0.1 were established in comparisons: of Sl and of S3, of SI and of S6, of S2 and of S5, of S2 and of S6, of S3 and of S4, as well as of S6 and of S4. Mean thickness of cortical lamellae, in mm, amount: 17.9 Ā± 7.51 in S1, 12.22 + 1.17 in S2, 31.03 Ā± 8.91 in S3, 9.31 Ā± 3.89 in S4, 23.9 Ā± 11.7 in S5 and 4.06 Ā± 1,02 in S6. Densities in g/cm3, amount: 1.9658 for S1, 2.1141 for S2, 2.0748 for S3, 2.1296 for S4 2.2231 for S5 and 2.1357 for S6. Differences of densities and of compositions of non-osteoporotic mandibular-body samples, and of mandibular osteoporotic samples were determined.Osteoporoza jeste znaÄajno i zastupljeno oboljenje kada dominiraju procesi razgraÄivanja kostnih supstanci u humanim organizmima. Za razliku od Äinjenica da u literaturi postoje brojni prikazi ā makroskopski patoloÅ”ki preparati, mikroskopski patoloÅ”ki preparati, Å”ematizovane ilustracije itd. skoro da nema podataka ni o promenama fiziÄkih parametara, niti o uticajima kompleksnih hemijskih jedinjenja u kostnim supstancama izmenjenim usled osteoporoza na fiziÄko-hemijske osobenosti izmenjene kosti, tako da dosta toga joÅ” uvek nije ispitano u vezi karakteristika, izmena sastava i fiziÄko-hemijske osobenosti osteoporoznih kosti. (Kanis 1994; 1996, WHO 1994 KrÅ”ljak 1995, NovakoviÄ i Giordani 1996, PoÅ”tiÄ, MarkoviÄ, VeselinoviÄ TijaniÄ i Zec 2001). Svakako bi trebalo da bude interesantno i znaÄajno proceniti Å”ta je izmenjeno u makrostrukturama i Å”ta je sve izmenjeno u mikrostrukturama kosti oÅ”teÄenih usled osteoporoza. Äini se da je važno utvrditi kako bi trebalo delovati na nivou jedinjenja i potencijalno na nivou molekula. Stoga je potrebno ispitati kako bi, na osnovu izmena u mikrostrukturama kosti, trebalo inicirati pozitivno remodelovanje kostne supstance, da li su formirana jedinjenja kakva je potrebno razgraditi zato Å”to su apsolutno nepovoljna ili je moguÄe delovati, bez obzira na formirana odnosno preformirana jedinjenja, apozicijama potrebnih i u smislu osteogenih potencijala kvalitetnih jedinjenja na nivoima mikrostruktura. Ispitivanjima fiziÄko-hemijskih promena mikrostruktura kosti trebalo bi da budu utvrÄeni karakteristiÄni podaci, tako da bi na osnovu karakteristiÄnih podataka trebalo proceniti da li bi aplikovanjima posebno sintetisanih jedinjenja odnosno specifiÄnih supstanci i aplikovanjima posebno kombinovanih supstanci bilo moguÄe poboljÅ”ati strukture kosti, ojaÄati segmente kosti - poboljÅ”ati fiziÄko-hemijska svojstva i spreÄiti frakture segmenata kosti