Appendix E. Nitrogen use efficiency and Nitrogen response efficiency in leaves and wood of dominant shrub species in response to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen.

Nitrogen use efficiency and Nitrogen response efficiency in leaves and wood of dominant shrub species in response to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen

Appendix A. List of dominant vascular species in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen.

List of dominant vascular species in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen

Appendix C. Detailed description of plant-level production and N efficiency responses of representative vascular species to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen.

Detailed description of plant-level production and N efficiency responses of representative vascular species to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen

Appendix B. ANOVA tables of species and community responses to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen.

ANOVA tables of species and community responses to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen

Appendix D. Biomass, production, and N uptake in leaves and wood of dominant shrub species in to response to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen.

Biomass, production, and N uptake in leaves and wood of dominant shrub species in to response to nutrient addition in the bog, the intermediate fen, and the rich fen

Interpretive Diagram: Partial Correlations of Changes in Herbivore/Pathogen Attack versus Abundance of Plant Species.

<p>Diagram is based on the results of our AIC analyses, and represents interactions that were in all or most resulting selected models. Width of arrows indicates approximate magnitude of partial correlation, ranging from 0.06 to 0.40. The arrow with a dashed border was selected in 89% of the models selected. All other relationships shown were selected in 100% of the models.</p

Community Factors that Were Measured and Entered into AIC Analysis.

<p>Community Factors that Were Measured and Entered into AIC Analysis.</p

Average Partial Correlations from Multiple Regression Models of 14 Predictor Variables Regressed against Herbivore/Pathogen Attack.

<p>Error bars (standard error) are shown among partial correlations of each variable across all models in which that variable was selected. Numbers above each bar represent the proportion of models in which that variable was selected. Error bars represent variation in magnitude of partial correlation among selected models. R² values represent the average predictive power of the multiple selected models for each host species-natural enemy combination. Figs. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116650#pone.0116650.g002" target="_blank">2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116650#pone.0116650.g003" target="_blank">3</a> depict subsets of the data shown in this figure, arranged according to hypothesis rather than host species. Predictor variables are defined as follows; the first seven predictor variables represent relative abundance of each species denoted as percent of total plant cover, Introduced Species: relative abundance of introduced plant species as percent of total plant cover, Total: total plant cover (see manuscript for method of recording total plant cover), Simpsons: Simpson’s diversity index, Standing Thatch and Ground Thatch: percent cover of thatch, Shoot Mass: above-ground individual shoot biomass, Plant Chlorophyll: leaf chlorophyll content.</p

An Exploration of Hypotheses that Explain Herbivore and Pathogen Attack in Restored Plant Communities

<div><p>Many hypotheses address the associations of plant community composition with natural enemies, including: (i) plant species diversity may reduce enemy attack, (ii) attack may increase as host abundance increases, (iii) enemy spillover may lead to increased attack on one host species due to transmission from another host species, or enemy dilution may lead to reduced attack on a host that would otherwise have more attack, (iv) physical characteristics of the plant community may influence attack, and (v) plant vigor may affect attack. Restoration experiments with replicated plant communities provide an exceptional opportunity to explore these hypotheses. To explore the relative predictive strengths of these related hypotheses and to investigate the potential effect of several restoration site preparation techniques, we surveyed arthropod herbivore and fungal pathogen attack on the six most common native plant species in a restoration experiment. Multi-model inference revealed a weak but consistent negative correlation with pathogen attack and host diversity across the plant community, and no correlation between herbivory and host diversity. Our analyses also revealed host species-specific relationships between attack and abundance of the target host species, other native plant species, introduced plant species, and physical community characteristics. We found no relationship between enemy attack and plant vigor. We found minimal differences in plant community composition among several diverse site preparation techniques, and limited effects of site preparation techniques on attack. The strongest associations of community characteristics with attack varied among plant species with no community-wide patterns, suggesting that no single hypothesis successfully predicts the dominant community-wide trends in enemy attack.</p></div

Partial Correlations of Variables with Herbivore and Pathogen Attack to Six Native Species.

<p>Title of each panel is the variable of interest for that panel. Panels <b>b</b>, <b>c</b>, and <b>d</b> represent relative abundance of the variable of interest. Panels <b>f</b> and <b>g</b> represent percent cover of the variable of interest. Mean partial correlations with the variable of interest and percent herbivore or pathogen attack on each of six species are represented by bars. Error bars represent variation (standard error) in magnitude of partial correlation among selected models. Numbers along x axes below each bar represent the percent of models in which that variable was selected (herbivory, pathogen).</p