Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance and the Predicted Effect on Current First-line Regimens in Europe

M. Ristola on SPREAD Program -työryhmän jäsen.Background. Numerous studies have shown that baseline drug resistance patterns may influence the outcome of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, guidelines recommend drug resistance testing to guide the choice of initial regimen. In addition to optimizing individual patient management, these baseline resistance data enable transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to be surveyed for public health purposes. The SPREAD program systematically collects data to gain insight into TDR occurring in Europe since 2001. Methods. Demographic, clinical, and virological data from 4140 antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals from 26 countries who were newly diagnosed between 2008 and 2010 were analyzed. Evidence of TDR was defined using the WHO list for surveillance of drug resistance mutations. Prevalence of TDR was assessed over time by comparing the results to SPREAD data from 2002 to 2007. Baseline susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs was predicted using the Stanford HIVdb program version 7.0. Results. The overall prevalence of TDR did not change significantly over time and was 8.3% (95% confidence interval, 7.2%-9.5%) in 2008-2010. The most frequent indicators of TDR were nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations (4.5%), followed by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations (2.9%) and protease inhibitor mutations (2.0%). Baseline mutations were most predictive of reduced susceptibility to initial NNRTI-based regimens: 4.5% and 6.5% of patient isolates were predicted to have resistance to regimens containing efavirenz or rilpivirine, respectively, independent of current NRTI backbones. Conclusions. Although TDR was highest for NRTIs, the impact of baseline drug resistance patterns on susceptibility was largest for NNRTIs. The prevalence of TDR assessed by epidemiological surveys does not clearly indicate to what degree susceptibility to different drug classes is affected.Peer reviewe

Viollet-le-Duc et son oeuvre dessiné

par Claude SauvageotSA aus: Encyclopédie d'architecture, août/sept. 188

Les objectifs de l'Education pour tous 2015, contexte demographique et scolarisation

National audienc

Information tools for the preparation and monitoring of education plans

Devoted to "Information tools for the preparation and monitoring of education plans", this issue is addressed to specialists in the field of education information systems as well as to policy-makers and education ministry officials concerned with improving their knowledge of methods and tools required in setting up development plans and monitoring their implementation. An information system is the basis of management, planning and evaluation of an education system. During the education management process, the information system should inform the different actors and partners on the state of the sector, its internal and external efficiency, its pedagogical and institutional operation, its performance, shortcomings and needs. Most countries develop an education database using the results of school census and/or surveys that are carried out on an intermittent basis. These data are published in bulky statistical yearbooks, often raw, fragmented and without analysis. And yet, policy-makers and other actors in management and planning need easily understandable and interpretable data. These should be supported by in-depth analyses on the functioning of the system, that help in policy formulation, planning of relevant actions, and in monitoring and evaluation of the latter

Les objectifs d'Éducation. Pour Tous 2015, contexte démographique et scolarisation

The Dakar Declaration ¿Education for All, Dakar 2000¿ set identical goals for all countries and regions in the world without taking into account the differences between countries in terms of initial situation, demographic evolution and available means. To know the demographic context and its evolution at the horizon 2015 is indispensable to differentiate between the countries concerned and to measure the efforts to be supplied. To reach these goals will become an almost insurmountable challenge for these countries and will require much more important efforts and investments than they devoted over the 1990-2000 decade.Demographic growth, Education for all 2015, Universal Primary Schooling, equal Access for boys and girls

Apprentissage et insertion professionnelle

Apprenticeship and Employment - The present organization of apprenticeship is the outcome of a long evolution going from the Middle Ages to the considerable changes which have been made over the last few decades. After a loss of interest in this option due to the prolongation of mandatory schooling, there has been a growing trend towards apprenticeship among young people. Apprentices have, overall, a real advantage in finding their first job, which stems from the possibility of being hired by the firm in which they were apprenticed. However, this does not hold true for those who leave the firm of apprenticeship.L'organisation actuelle de l'apprentissage est l'aboutissement d'une longue évolution qui va du Moyen Age aux remaniements non négligeables des dernières décennies. Après une baisse d'intérêt de cette filière, concomitante à la prolongation de la scolarité obligatoire, les jeunes reviennent progressivement à l'apprentissage depuis 1975. Les apprentis ont, dans l'ensemble, un avantage sensible pour leur première insertion professionnelle, lié à la possibilité d'embauché par l'entreprise d'apprentissage. Mais ceux qui partent de leur entreprise ont des sorts divers.Aprendizaje e inserción profesional - La actual organización del aprendizaje es el desenlace de una larga evolución que va desde la Edad media hasta las reformas nada desdenables de los ultimos decenios. Tras una mengua del inter es hacia este escalafon, que acompana el prolongamiento de la escolaridad obligatoria, la juventud inicia un retorno progresivo al aprendizaje desde 1975. En su conjunto, los aprendices tienen una apreciable ventaja respecto a su primera inserción profesional ya que tienen la posibilidad de una contrata por parte de la empresa en la que efectúan su aprendizaje. Mas los que abandonan su empresa experimentan diversos destinos.Ancel François, Combes Marie-Christine, Sauvageot Claude. Apprentissage et insertion professionnelle. In: Economie et statistique, n°134, Juin 1981. L'entrée des jeunes dans la vie active. pp. 61-75

Apprentissage et insertion professionnelle

[eng] Apprenticeship and Employment - The present organization of apprenticeship is the outcome of a long evolution going from the Middle Ages to the considerable changes which have been made over the last few decades. After a loss of interest in this option due to the prolongation of mandatory schooling, there has been a growing trend towards apprenticeship among young people. Apprentices have, overall, a real advantage in finding their first job, which stems from the possibility of being hired by the firm in which they were apprenticed. However, this does not hold true for those who leave the firm of apprenticeship. [spa] Aprendizaje e inserción profesional - La actual organización del aprendizaje es el desenlace de una larga evolución que va desde la Edad media hasta las reformas nada desdenables de los ultimos decenios. Tras una mengua del inter es hacia este escalafon, que acompana el prolongamiento de la escolaridad obligatoria, la juventud inicia un retorno progresivo al aprendizaje desde 1975. En su conjunto, los aprendices tienen una apreciable ventaja respecto a su primera inserción profesional ya que tienen la posibilidad de una contrata por parte de la empresa en la que efectúan su aprendizaje. Mas los que abandonan su empresa experimentan diversos destinos. [fre] L'organisation actuelle de l'apprentissage est l'aboutissement d'une longue évolution qui va du Moyen Age aux remaniements non négligeables des dernières décennies. Après une baisse d'intérêt de cette filière, concomitante à la prolongation de la scolarité obligatoire, les jeunes reviennent progressivement à l'apprentissage depuis 1975. Les apprentis ont, dans l'ensemble, un avantage sensible pour leur première insertion professionnelle, lié à la possibilité d'embauché par l'entreprise d'apprentissage. Mais ceux qui partent de leur entreprise ont des sorts divers.

Vie privée des anciens

Marca tip. en portEl ed. ejerció a finales del S. XIXLes peuples dans l'antiquité : t.I. L'Égypte et l'Asie (XVI, 351 p.) -- t.II. La Grèce et l'Italie (VIII, 324 p.). La famille dans l'antiquité : t.III. Constitution de la famille le vêtement (VIII, 416 p.) -- t.IV. L'habitation (VI, 261 p.). Le travail dans l'antiquité : t.V. Agriculture-Industrie (VII, 331 p.) -- t.VI. Architecture-commerce beaux-arts (VIII, 344 p.). Les institutions de l'antiquité : t.VII. Institutions civiles guerre-sciences (VIII, 368 p.) -- t.VIII. Institutions religieuses éducation (VII, 366 p.