Perfis de estudantes mexicanos com aptidões intelectuais destacáveis

El estudio se propuso determinar si la motivación al logro y el autoconcepto social permitían identificar conglomerados en estudiantes de bachillerato intelectualmente sobresalientes. Se realizó un diseño clasificatorio con una metodología cuantitativa para lo cual, mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple, se seleccionaron 133 estudiantes sobresalientes. Se identificaron dos conglomerados de estudiantes: el primero se denominó 'Altamente orientado al logro', y el segundo como 'Poco orientado al logro', respectivamente. Los estudiantes del primer conglomerado se caracterizaron por una mayor motivación al logro académico, menor autoconcepto social y mejor promedio académico. Se concluyó que en los aspectos motivacionales y emocionales los estudiantes sobresalientes presentan diferencias importantes, lo que sugiere tener cuidado con las generalizaciones realizadas sin sustento empírico. Asimismo, evidenció la importancia de la identificación de las diferencias individuales como parte de las estrategias de orientación y tutoría a estos alumnos.O estudo propôs determinar se a motivação ao sucesso e o autoconceito social permitiam identificar conglomerados em estudantes de segundo grau intelectualmente destacados. Foi feito um estudo classificatório com uma metodologia quantitativa para a qual, mediante uma amostragem aleatória simples, foram selecionados 133 estudantes destacados. Identificaram-se dois conglomerados de estudantes: o primeiro denominou-se 'Altamente orientado ao êxito, e o segundo como 'Pouco orientado ao êxito, respectivamente. Os estudantes do primeiro conglomerado caracterizaram-se por uma maior motivação ao sucesso acadêmico, menor autoconceito social e melhor média acadêmica. Conclui-se que em os aspectos motivacionais e emocionais os estudantes destacados apresentam grandes diferenças, o que sugere ter cuidado com as generalizações realizadas sem sustento empírico. Da mesma forma, evidenciou-se a importância da identificação das diferenças individuais como parte das estratégias de orientação e tutoria a estes alunos.The study was aimed to determine whether achievement motivation and social self-concept allowed identifying clusters of intellectually outstanding high school students. A classification design with a quantitative methodology was applied whereby, by simple random sampling, 133 outstanding students were selected. Two clusters of students were identified: the first, known as 'Highly achievement oriented', and the second as 'Lowly achievement oriented', respectively. Students of the first cluster were characterized by a greater motivation toward academic achievement, lower social self-concept and higher academic average. It was concluded that in motivational and emotional aspects outstanding students show significant differences which suggests being careful with generalizations made without empirical support. The study also showed the importance of identifying individual differences as part of the counseling and tutoring strategies with these students

Impacto positivo del trabajo académico online en profesores universitarios mexicanos

Este trabajo explora las percepciones del impacto positivo del confinamiento durante la pandemia de 812 profesores universitarios del sureste de México. A través de un instrumento anónimo, contestado tanto en línea como en papel, al término de la emergencia sanitaria. Se colectó información acerca de adaptación social, productividad, salud mental y salud física. Asimismo, se administró una escala general para evaluar el bienestar. Los resultados muestran un efecto positivo alto en el bienestar. En específico, se reportan mayor impacto positivo en la productividad del profesor y menor en las dimensiones de salud tanto mental como física. No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto al género y no se reporta incremento en el consumo de sustancias como alcohol, tabaco o café. Se discuten las implicaciones de la visión de los efectos del confinamiento desde la perspectiva de la psicología positiva para la comprensión de los efectos positivos y negativos en los profesores universitarios

Validación de un instrumento para medir la creatividad en adolescentes sobresalientes

Este reporte documenta el proceso de validación de un instrumento para medir la creatividad de adolescentes yucatecos. Para esto, se utilizó el instrumento Evaluación Multifactorial de la Creatividad (EMUC) (Sánchez, 2006), el cual se administró a 3 grupos de 21 estudiantes cada uno; estos grupos fueron cualitativamente diferentes: alumnos sobresalientes de secundaria, estudiantes de primer semestre de la Facultad de Arquitectura y alumnos regulares de secundaria. Los resultados indicaron que la EMUC es una prueba confiable, con una alfa de Cronbach de .8643. En cuanto a su validez externa,esta prueba muestra resultados generales diferenciales entre los grupos, y por tanto puede discriminar a las personas creativas de las que no lo son. La creatividad visomotora, se correlacionó positiva y significativamente con la creatividad aplicada en los 3 criterios evaluados: fluidez, flexibilidad y originalidad y se aprecia independencia entre la creatividad aplicada y la creatividad verbal

Validez y confiabilidad de un instrumento para medir la creatividad en adolescentes

En esta investigación, utilizando una metodología cuantitativa, se llevó a cabo un proceso de validación y confiabilización de un instrumento para medir la creatividad en adolescentes mexicanos. Para esto, se utilizó el instrumento Evaluación Multifactorial de la Creatividad (EMUC) (Sánchez, 2006), el cual se administró a 3 grupos de 21 estudiantes cada uno. Estos grupos fueron cualitativamente diferentes: alumnos sobresalientes de secundaria, estudiantes de primer semestre de la Licenciatura en Arquitectura y alumnos regulares de secundaria. Los resultados indicaron que la EMUC es una prueba confiable, con una alfa de Cronbach de .86. En cuanto a su validez, esta prueba mostró una adecuada validez de contenido, constructo y criterio, por lo que puede ser un instrumento utilizado para evaluar la creatividad en adolescentes mexicanos y como parte de una batería de pruebas para la identificación de adolescentes con aptitudes académicas sobresalientes

Factores asociados a las prácticas de enseñanza docentes con apoyo de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación

La integración de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) por parte de los docentes en el proceso de enseñanza es importante para mejorar la calidad de la educación. El presente estudio se propuso examinar las relaciones de la habilidad digital, la usabilidad, la utilidad y la gestión directiva con la frecuencia con que maestros de educación primaria utilizaban TIC en sus prácticas de enseñanza. Participaron en el estudio 252 docentes (M edad = 36,5 años, DE = 10,1) del Estado de Sonora (México). Se realizó un estudio transversal de alcance relacional. Se utilizaron escalas de autorreporte para medir las variables involucradas en el estudio. Se calculó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Se encontró que tanto variables relativas al docente (habilidad digital y usabilidad) como al director (gestión directiva) se asociaban positivamente con las prácticas de enseñanza con apoyo en tecnología. Se concluyó que la integración de las TIC en la enseñanza por parte de los docentes se relacionaba con variables del docente y de los directores.La integració de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació (TIC) per part dels docents en el procés d'ensenyament és important per millorar la qualitat de l'educació. Aquest estudi es va proposar d'examinar les relacions de l'habilitat digital, la usabilitat, la utilitat i la gestió directiva amb la freqüència amb què docents d'educació primària utilitzen TIC a les pràctiques d'ensenyament. Van participar a l'estudi 252 docents (M edat = 36,5 anys, DE = 10,1) de l'estat de Sonora, Mèxic. Es va fer un estudi transversal d'abast relacional. Es van utilitzar escales d'autoreport per mesurar les variables involucrades a l'estudi. Es va calcular un model de regressió lineal múltiple. Es va trobar que tant les variables relatives al docent (habilitat digital i usabilitat) com al director (gestió directiva) s'associen positivament amb les pràctiques d'ensenyament amb suport de tecnologia. Es va concloure que la integració de les TIC a l'ensenyament per part dels docents es relaciona amb variables del docent i dels directors.The integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) by teachers in the teaching process is essential for improving the quality of education. The present study examines the relationships of digital ability, usability, utility, and management with the frequency with which elementary school teachers use ICT in their teaching practices. The study sample comprises 252 teachers (M age = 36.5 years, SD = 10.1) of Sonora, Mexico. A cross-sectional relational design was used. Self-report scales were used to measure the variables. A multiple linear regression model has shown that variables related to both the teacher (digital ability and usability) and the principal (management) are positively associated with technology-supported teaching practices. We conclude that the integration of ICT in teaching by teachers is related to variables regarding the teacher and principals

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

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