6 research outputs found
The Impact of Competition, Subsidies, and Taxes on Production and Construction Cost : The Case of the SwedishHousing Construction Market
Few empirical studies focus on developing data and analyses on the factors that influence the decision making process of builders,developers and landlords. Interest subsidy, taxes, and competition are some of the factors that can influence the level of constructionor production costs and ultimately the price of the housing units produced.Different subsidy schemes and value-added taxes (VAT)have been used as tools to increase housing construction in Sweden. However, their effect on costs of the housing stock has notbeen rigorously examined in the current housing supply literature.The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship betweenproduction and construction cost and its determinants especially their relationship to different subsidy schemes and value-addedtaxes. In our econometric analysis, we utilize a quarterly panel data that covers 1975ā2004.Our results suggest that there is a positiverelationship between subsidies and construction cost and inverse relationship to value added taxes. This could explain why fewcompanies within the housing construction industry raise the cost of production since these companies could manage to transfersome of the tax burden from themselves to the housing developers. Paper goes on to discuss common practices of constructioncompanies that affects production costs.QC 20140219</p
Nursing Documentation in the Cardiology Intensive Care Unit
Bakalaura darba tÄma: āAprÅ«pes dokumentÄcija kardioloÄ£ijas nodaÄ¼Ä intensÄ«vÄs terapijas palÄtÄā. Darba mÄrÄ·is: izpÄtÄ«t aprÅ«pes dokumentÄciju kardioloÄ£ijas nodaļas intensÄ«vÄs terapijas palÄtÄ. Darbs sastÄv no teorÄtiskÄs un pÄtnieciskÄs daļas. TeorÄtiskajÄ daÄ¼Ä analizÄta PatrÄ«cijas Benneres mÄszinÄ«bu teorija, veikts kardioloÄ£ijas nodaļas intensÄ«vÄs terapijas palÄtas raksturojums, kÄ arÄ« analizÄta literatÅ«ra par aprÅ«pes dokumentÄciju kardioloÄ£ijas nodaļas intensÄ«vÄs terapijas palÄtÄ, dokumentÄcijas aizpildÄ«Å”anu reglamentÄjoÅ”ajiem normatÄ«vajiem aktiem LatvijÄ un aizpildÄ«Å”anas pieredzi pasaulÄ. PÄtÄ«juma veikÅ”anai izmantota kvalitatÄ«vÄ pÄtniecÄ«bas metode, instruments ā daļÄji strukturÄta intervija. Tika intervÄtas 10 kardioloÄ£ijas nodaļas intensÄ«vÄs terapijas palÄtÄ strÄdÄjoÅ”as mÄsas. PÄtÄ«juma laikÄ tika gÅ«tas atbildes uz pÄtÄ«juma jautÄjumiem: 1. KÄda aprÅ«pes dokumentÄcija tiek pielietota mÄsas darbÄ kardioloÄ£ijas nodaļas intensÄ«vÄs terapijas palÄtÄ? 2. Cik optimÄla un Ärti izmantojama ir aprÅ«pes dokumentÄcija kardioloÄ£ijas nodaļas intensÄ«vÄs terapijas palÄtÄ? Bakalaura darba izstrÄdÄ tika izmantoti 24 literatÅ«ras avoti, no tiem 7 latvieÅ”u valodÄ un 17 angļu valodÄ.The topic of the Bachelor's thesis: "Nursing documentation in the intensive care ward of the cardiology department". Aim of the work: to study the care documentation in the intensive care unit of the cardiology department. The work consists of theoretical and research part. The theoretical part analyzes Patricia Benner's nursing theory, describes the intensive care ward of cardiology department, as well as analyzes the literature on care documentation in the intensive care ward of cardiology department, documentation regulations in Latvia and world experience requirements. A qualitative research method is used, a research tool - a partially structured interview. 10 nurses working in the intensive care ward of the cardiology department were interviewed. During the research, answers to the research questions were obtained: 1. What care documentation is used in the work of a nurse in the intensive care unit of the cardiology department? 2. How optimal and easy to use is the care documentation in the intensive care unit of the cardiology department? 24 literature sources were used in the development of the bachelor's thesis, of which 7 in Latvian and 17 in English
The robustness of the causal and economic relationship between construction flows and economic growth: evidence from Western Europe
Our main objective is to analyse whether we have a problem of parameter heterogeneity across countries and over time in the estimation of the relationship between infrastructure investments and economic growth. The research approach concerning causality and the estimating of the long-run equilibrium is based on the error-correction model. The problem of parameter heterogeneity is handled by the use of interaction terms. The result indicates that residential construction Granger causes Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the short and long run and it seems likely that the interaction term indicating high unemployment do add some explanation power to the model. This is not true when it comes to infrastructural and other building construction and its impact on economic growth. A high housing stock per capita seems to reduce the short-run effect. This implies that residential construction seems to have a larger effect if the accumulated residential stock is on a low level. The speed of adjustment to long-run equilibrium differs considerably between a country with a low residential capital stock and a country with a high-capital stock. Moreover, high owner occupation rates seem to be associated with a stronger relationship between residential construction and economic growth.