La calidad del agua para fines analíticos

Aunque el concepto de calidad ha sido definido por diferentes organismos sonlos laboratoriosanalíticos, los que deben implicarse en el desarrollo de este concepto, mediante la implantación deun sistema de gestión de calidad, que sea admitido de forma internacional como la única vía para obtener resultados analíticos fiables y reproducibles.El sistema de calidad que debe implantar un laboratorio depende del tipo de actividad que desarrolle,pero el fin último de estos seráalcanzar la calidad requerida en sus análisis e investigaciones. La calidad debe garantizarse desde la elección adecuada de las técnicas deanálisishasta,algo tan simple,comolos disolventes. El agua es conocida como el disolvente universal; de aquí que el agua analítica también requiera una calidad específica necesaria tanto para los análisis como para su empleo en fines farmacéuticos.El agua solo se encuentra en estado puroen la atmósfera. Su ciclo natural le hará adquirirdistintos tipos de impurezas que determinaran su composición. Con el fin de eliminar estos componentes indeseables hay que someter el agua a distintas técnicas de purificación que permitiránobtener un agua analítica con calidad adecuada asu finalidad.En este trabajo se describen las distintas tecnologías, tanto las más tradicionales como las más novedosas. Sin embargo,hay que resaltar queen la mayoría de los casos, se requiere la combinación de variasde ellaspara conseguir obtener un agua de la calidad requerida.Según los componentes eliminados en el proceso de purificación se va a obtener un agua con diferente gradode calidad y pureza lo que permiteclasificar el agua analítica en diferentes tipos, según adquiera unos diferentes valores en sus parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos,que la catalogaran dentro de un determinado grupo.Los análisis de calidad deben garantizar siempre la calidad del agua analítica,así como la valoración del estado del agua,que le otorgarála calidad necesaria parafines analíticosUniversidad de Sevilla. Grado en Farmaci

Fractionation of chlorinated and brominated persistent organic pollutants in several food samples by pyrenyl-silica liquid chromatography prior to GC-MS determination

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using a column of 2-(1-pyrenyl) ethyldimethylsilylated silica was developed in this work in order to achieve satisfactory and reproducible fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (polybrominated diphenylethers, PBDEs; and polybrominated biphenyls, PBBs). After the study of different chromatographic parameters (mobile phase composition and separation temperature were the most important) an isocratic elution with isooctane:toluene (98:2, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1 mL/min, a temperature of 45 °C, and UV-detection at 225 nm was selected for fractionation of PCBs (time region, 4.0–5.8 min) from PBDEs (5.8–9.0 min) and from PBBs (5.8–11.0 min). The applicability of this method to food samples was demonstrated by fractionating PCBs from PBDEs in three food samples (cheese, milk, and fish). Interferences from PCBs (present in real samples at much higher concentrations than PBDEs) were removed in this way. In addition, by analysing these samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with and without previous fractionation we were able to observe an improvement in detection sensitivity for PBDEs after HPLC fractionation.The authors thank the Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain) for project S-0505/AGR/0312. B. Gomara wishes to \ud thank the University of Alcala and CSIC for her grants and C. Zuniga for her kind help. C. García-Ruiz thanks the Ministry of Science and Technology for the Ramon y Cajal program (RYC-2003-001

Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of soybean proteins in soybean-rice gluten-free dietary products. Research Article

CE has been applied for the first time to the simultaneous separation of soybean and\ud rice proteins. Treated and untreated capillaries with different effective lengths as well\ud as separation media at different pHs were tested. For that purpose, samples and\ud standard solutions were prepared in 25:75 ACN–water media containing 0.3% v/v\ud acetic acid. The use of an untreated capillary of 50 cm effective length together with an\ud 80 mM borate buffer (pH 8.5) modified with 20% v/v ACN and UV detection at 254 nm\ud were the conditions working the best. These conditions enabled the determination of\ud soybean proteins in gluten-free dietary commercial products elaborated with soybean\ud protein and/or soybean flour and rice flour using the standard additions calibration\ud method. The method was linear up to 26 mg/mL of soybean proteins, the precision\ud (expressed as RSD) was always better than 6%, and recoveries obtained for soybean\ud proteins when spiking commercial products were very close to 100%The authors thank the Ministry of Science and Technology\ud (Spain) for the research project BQU2002–01199 and F. J.\ud Cabello-Murillo for technical assistance. C.G.-R. also\ud thanks the Ministry of Science and Technology for the\ud Ramón y Cajal program (RYC-2003–001)

Impulsar las competencias espaciales y digitales a través de un viaje virtual por Getafe

[ES] El trabajo de campo recibe un gran impulso con los geo-media y las posibilidades de la Web 2.0, y también con lo que conocemos tradicionalmente como viaje virtual. Con todo ello vamos a trabajar las diversas competencias del aprendizaje durante toda la vida (Lifelong Learning) señaladas en la UE, especialmente la adquisición de competencias digitales y también la adquisición de competencias espaciales. Lo hemos hecho por medio de un trabajo de campo realizado por el centro de Getafe, que posteriormente ha sido almacenado utlizando herramientas digitales hasta dar forma a un interesante viaje virtual.Esta comunicación se deriva de la participación en los proyectos: digitalearth.eu: geo-media in schools (510010-LLP-1-2010-1-AT-COMENIUS-CNW) y de los Proyectos de Innovación y Mejora de la Calidad Docente de la UCM: «Enseñar Geografía a través del análisis de imágenes con la ayuda del Campus Virtual y la Pizarra Digital Interactiva (PDI)» (PIMCD 6/2010); «La educación geográfica a través del análisis del paisaje» (PIMCD 206/2010) y «Aprender Geografía con la Web 2.0» (PIMCD 133/2011), llevados a cabo por el grupo de investigación de la UCM 93133

Separation and online preconcentration by multistep stacking with large-volume injection of anabolic steroids by capillary electrokinetic chromatography using charged cyclodextrins and UV-absorption detection

The separation of three common anabolic steroids (methyltestosterone, methandrostenolone and testosterone) was performed for the first time by capillary EKC. Different charged CD derivatives and bile salts were tested as dispersed phases in order to achieve the separation. A mixture of 10 mmol/L succinylated-b-CD with 1 mmol/L bCD in a 50 mmol/L borate buffer (pH 9) enabled the separation of the three anabolic steroids in less than 9 min. Concentration LODs, obtained for these compounds with low absorption of UV light, were ~5610–5 mol/L. The use of online reverse migrating sample stacking with large-volume injection (the effective length of the capillary) enabled to improve the detection sensitivity. Sensitivity enhancement factors (SEFs) ranging from 95 (for testosterone) to 149 (for methyltestosterone) were achieved by single stacking preconcentration. Then, the possibilities of multistep stacking to improve the sensitivity for these analytes were investigated. SEFs obtained by double stacking preconcentration ranged from 138 to 185, enabling concentration LODs of 2.79610–7 mol/L (for methyltestosterone), 3.47610–7 mol/L (for testosterone) and 3.56610–7 mol/L (for methandrostenolone). Although online triple stacking preconcentration was achieved, its repeatability was very poor and SEFs for the studied analytes were not calculated

Formación de padres y madres

Esta asignatura tiene por objeto formar a los futuros profesionales de la Orientación e Intervención Educativa Familiar, para que lleguen a comprender la diversidad familiar actual y sepan articular respuestas formativas que permitan a los padres y las madres interactuar de manera adecuada con sus hijos, implicarse en la dinámica familiar de forma positiva y desarrollar modelos parentales adecuados

High resolution transmission electron microscopy: A key tool to understand drug release from mesoporous matrices

This work demonstrates that high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is an essential tool to understand drug delivery performance of mesoporous silica materials, mainly those submitted to functionalization processes involving harsh conditions that may affect the mesostructure. Herein an SBA-15-type mesoporous material bearing Si(CH2)(2)P(O)(OCH2CH3)(2) groups was synthesized following the co-condensation route. Then, the resulting material was treated with 37 wt% HCl to convert ethylphosphonate groups to ethylphosphonic acid groups. The proper dealkylation of ethoxy groups following acid treatment was confirmed by FTIR and CP-MAS H-1 -> C-13 solid state NMR, which indicated the presence of Si(CH2)(2)P(O)(OH)(2) functionalities in the treated sample. Characterization of mesoporous materials by XRD diffraction and N-2 adsorption points to well-ordered SBA-15 structures in both untreated and acid-treated samples. Nonetheless, a deep study by HRTEM reveals that the acid-treatment provokes noticeable loss of mesostructural order, only remaining small crystalline domains. This structural damage does not influence cargo loading but it severely affects the release of molecules confined into the mesopores, as concluded from in vitro delivery tests using cephalexin as model drug. Thus, whereas untreated sample showed a sustained diffusion-controlled drug release during more than 2 weeks, 100% of the loaded drug was released only after 10 h from treated sample. This abrupt burst effect cannot be explained on the basis of the existing matrix-drug interactions, whose nature and extension is quite similar under the release conditions for both samples. Thus, it can be only understood on the basis of the mesostructural damage revealed by HRTEM studies. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Miasis cutánea. A propósito de un caso

The term myiasis refers to infestation of wounds of live vertebrate, animal and human, with dipterous larvae that, at least for a certain period, feed in the host. In this paper we will describe the case of a 75-year-old man, with a chronic elephantiasis. The patient lived in a rural area and he had low socioeconomic status. He had not traveled to any subtropical places. Analyzing the case and with all etiologic diagnosis, we concluded the patient had an infestation by Calliphora spp.Las miasis son un parasitismo producido por larvas de dípteros que, de forma obligatoria o accidental, necesitan alimentarse de tejidos vivos o muertos. Presentamos a un paciente de 75 años con elefantiasis crónica. El paciente vivía en un área rural y tenía bajo nivel socioeconómico. No había viajado recientemente a ningún país subtropical. Analizando el caso, y según el diagnóstico etiológico, concluimos que el paciente presentaba una infestación por Calliphora spp

Depth of faulting and ancient heat flows in the Kuiper region of Mercury from lobate scarp topography

Mercurian lobate scarps are interpreted to be the surface expressions of thrust faults formed by planetary cooling and contraction, which deformed the crust down to the brittle–ductile transition (BDT) depth at the time of faulting. In this work we have used a forward modeling procedure in order to analyze the relation between scarp topography and fault geometries and depths associated with a group of prominent lobate scarps (Santa Maria Rupes and two unnamed scarps) located in the Kuiper region of Mercury for which Earth-based radar altimetry is available. Also a backthrust associated with one of the lobate scarps has been included in this study. We have obtained best fits for depths of faulting between 30 and 39 km; the results are consistent with the previous results for other lobate scarps on Mercury. The so-derived fault depths have been used to calculate surface heat flows for the time of faulting, taking into account crustal heat sources and a heterogeneous surface temperature due to the variable insolation pattern. Deduced surface heat flows are between 19 and 39 mW m2 for the Kuiper region, and between 22 and 43 mW m2 for Discovery Rupes. Both BDT depths and heat flows are consistent with the predictions of thermal history models for the range of time relevant for scarp formatio