FTIR, LIBS.PHYSICO CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, TAPHONOMY AND ECOLOGYOF Orthokarstenia ewaldi (FORAMINIFERA: SIPHOGENERINOIDIDAE) LOSPINOS FORMATION (CRETACEOUS: MAASTRICHTIAN) FROM SAMACÁ(BOYACÁ, COLOMBIA)

El género Orthokarstenia se considera un microfósil guía para las edades del periodo Cretácico. La especie característica de la Formación Los Pinos correspondiente al Periodo Cretácico y la edad Maastrichtiana se ajusta a la descripción morfológica de Orthokarstenia ewaldi. De la matriz silícea se extrajeron varios especímenes y se maceraron para realizar pruebas de Espectroscopía de Infrarrojos por la transformada de Fourier (FTIR) utilizando como base KBr. Se colectaron especímenes de tres niveles de una roca. Se tomaron imágenes tridimensionales con un video-microscopio para detallar la forma y organización de los minerales.Un fragmento de la roca se utilizó para llevar a cabo pruebas con Espectroscopia de plasma inducida por laser(LIBS) y determinar la presencia de los elementos Ca, Fe y Mg. También se elaboraron y describieron secciones delgadas. Los espectros de FTIR de los foraminíferos fueron similares en los tres niveles donde se tomaron las muestras aunque presentaron diferencias con el espectro de la matriz de sílice. Los análisis de LIBS confirmaron la presencia de Ca y de Fe en las muestras. En las secciones delgadas se pudo determinar que el relleno de las conchas, está constituido por sílice amorfo apreciándose además una débil traza de la concha original como un sedimento fino. Las trazas de Ca encontradas confirman el reemplazo de aragonito a calcita magnesiana y finalmente a sílice. Utilizando el método de la relación entre la varianza y la media en tres tamaños de cuadrantes se determinó la dispersión de los especímenes. Los valores obtenidos indicaron una distribución de tipo agrupado. Este tipo de distribución es un indicativo de las condiciones de recursos en el hábitat, del modo de reproducción y dispersión. Se puede inferir que el sistema reproductivo dominante de O. ewaldi fue el asexual predominando las formas megalosféricas. Palabras clave: Bentónico, Cretácico superior, Foraminífera,    The Orthokarstenia genus is considered a microfossil guide to the ages of the Cretaceous period. Thecharacteristic species of Los Pinos Formation corresponding to Cretaceous Period and Maastrichtian age and fitsto the morphological description of Orthokarstenia ewaldi species. From the siliceous matrix several specimenswere taken and macerated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) testing with KBr base. Specimenswere collected from three levels of a rock. Three-dimensional images were taken with a video-microscopes to detail the form and structure of minerals. A fragment of rock was used to perform Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) tests and to establish the presence of the elements Ca, Fe and Mg. Thin sections were also made and described. FTIR spectra of for aminifera were similar in the three levels where the samples were taken but showed differences with the spectrum of the silica matrix. LIBS analysis confirmed the presence of Ca and Fe in the samples. In thin sections, amorphous silica filling the shell was observed, and also a faint. trace of the original shell as a fine sediment. Traces of Ca found with LIBS analysis confirm the replacement of aragonite to magnesian calcite and finally to silica. Using the relationship between the variance and the mean of three sizes of squares was determined the dispersion of the specimens. The values obtained indicated a clustered distribution type. This type of distribution is indicative of the conditions of resources in the habitat, reproduction and dispersal mode. It is possible to infer that the dominant reproductive system of O. ewaldi was megalospheric, being the asexual forms more common. Keywords: Benthic, Foraminifera, FTIR, LIBS, Upper Cretaceous

FTIR, LIBS.PHYSICO CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, TAPHONOMY AND ECOLOGYOF Orthokarstenia ewaldi (FORAMINIFERA: SIPHOGENERINOIDIDAE) LOSPINOS FORMATION (CRETACEOUS: MAASTRICHTIAN) FROM SAMACÁ(BOYACÁ, COLOMBIA)

El género Orthokarstenia se considera un microfósil guía para las edades del periodo Cretácico. La especie característica de la Formación Los Pinos correspondiente al Periodo Cretácico y la edad Maastrichtiana se ajusta a la descripción morfológica de Orthokarstenia ewaldi. De la matriz silícea se extrajeron varios especímenes y se maceraron para realizar pruebas de Espectroscopía de Infrarrojos por la transformada de Fourier (FTIR) utilizando como base KBr. Se colectaron especímenes de tres niveles de una roca. Se tomaron imágenes tridimensionales con un video-microscopio para detallar la forma y organización de los minerales.Un fragmento de la roca se utilizó para llevar a cabo pruebas con Espectroscopia de plasma inducida por laser(LIBS) y determinar la presencia de los elementos Ca, Fe y Mg. También se elaboraron y describieron secciones delgadas. Los espectros de FTIR de los foraminíferos fueron similares en los tres niveles donde se tomaron las muestras aunque presentaron diferencias con el espectro de la matriz de sílice. Los análisis de LIBS confirmaron la presencia de Ca y de Fe en las muestras. En las secciones delgadas se pudo determinar que el relleno de las conchas, está constituido por sílice amorfo apreciándose además una débil traza de la concha original como un sedimento fino. Las trazas de Ca encontradas confirman el reemplazo de aragonito a calcita magnesiana y finalmente a sílice. Utilizando el método de la relación entre la varianza y la media en tres tamaños de cuadrantes se determinó la dispersión de los especímenes. Los valores obtenidos indicaron una distribución de tipo agrupado. Este tipo de distribución es un indicativo de las condiciones de recursos en el hábitat, del modo de reproducción y dispersión. Se puede inferir que el sistema reproductivo dominante de O. ewaldi fue el asexual predominando las formas megalosféricas. Palabras clave: Bentónico, Cretácico superior, Foraminífera,    The Orthokarstenia genus is considered a microfossil guide to the ages of the Cretaceous period. Thecharacteristic species of Los Pinos Formation corresponding to Cretaceous Period and Maastrichtian age and fitsto the morphological description of Orthokarstenia ewaldi species. From the siliceous matrix several specimenswere taken and macerated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) testing with KBr base. Specimenswere collected from three levels of a rock. Three-dimensional images were taken with a video-microscopes to detail the form and structure of minerals. A fragment of rock was used to perform Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) tests and to establish the presence of the elements Ca, Fe and Mg. Thin sections were also made and described. FTIR spectra of for aminifera were similar in the three levels where the samples were taken but showed differences with the spectrum of the silica matrix. LIBS analysis confirmed the presence of Ca and Fe in the samples. In thin sections, amorphous silica filling the shell was observed, and also a faint. trace of the original shell as a fine sediment. Traces of Ca found with LIBS analysis confirm the replacement of aragonite to magnesian calcite and finally to silica. Using the relationship between the variance and the mean of three sizes of squares was determined the dispersion of the specimens. The values obtained indicated a clustered distribution type. This type of distribution is indicative of the conditions of resources in the habitat, reproduction and dispersal mode. It is possible to infer that the dominant reproductive system of O. ewaldi was megalospheric, being the asexual forms more common. Keywords: Benthic, Foraminifera, FTIR, LIBS, Upper Cretaceous

Global disparities in surgeons’ workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study

: The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity > 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI

Caracterización físico química, tafonomía y ecología de Orthokarstenia ewaldi (Foraminiferida: Siphogenerinoididae) de la formación de los pinos (Cretácico: Maastrichtiano) de Samacá (Boyacá, Colombia)

The Orthokarstenia genus is considered a microfossil guide to the ages of the Cretaceous period. The characteristic species of Los Pinos Formation corresponding to Cretaceous Period and Maastrichtian age and fits to the morphological description of Orthokarstenia ewaldi species. From the siliceous matrix several specimens were taken and macerated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) testing with KBr base. Specimens were collected from three levels of a rock. Three-dimensional images were taken with a video-microscopes to detail the form and structure of minerals. A fragment of rock was used to perform Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) tests and to establish the presence of the elements Ca, Fe and Mg. Thin sections were also made and described. FTIR spectra of foraminifera were similar in the three levels where the samples were taken but showed differences with the spectrum of the silica matrix. LIBS analysis confirmed the presence of Ca and Fe in the samples. In thin sections, amorphous silica filling the shell was observed, and also a faint trace of the original shell as a fine sediment. Traces of Ca found with LIBS analysis confirm the replacement of aragonite to magnesian calcite and finally to silica. Using the relationship between the variance and the mean of three sizes of squares was determined the dispersion of the specimens. The values obtained indicated a clustered distribution type. This type of distribution is indicative of the conditions of resources in the habitat, reproduction and dispersal mode. It is possible to infer that the dominant reproductive system of O. ewaldi was megalospheric, being the asexual forms more common.El género Orthokarstenia se considera un microfósil guía para las edades del periodo Cretácico. La especie característica de la Formación Los Pinos correspondiente al Periodo Cretácico y la edad Maastrichtiana se ajusta a la descripción morfológica de Orthokarstenia ewaldi. De la matriz silícea se extrajeron varios especímenes y se maceraron para realizar pruebas de Espectroscopía de Infrarrojos por la transformada de Fourier (FTIR) utilizando como base KBr. Se colectaron especímenes de tres niveles de una roca. Se tomaron imágenes tridimensionales con un video-microscopio para detallar la forma y organización de los minerales. Un fragmento de la roca se utilizó para llevar a cabo pruebas con Espectroscopia de plasma inducida por laser (LIBS) y determinar la presencia de los elementos Ca, Fe y Mg. También se elaboraron y describieron secciones delgadas. Los espectros de FTIR de los foraminíferos fueron similares en los tres niveles donde se tomaron las muestras aunque presentaron diferencias con el espectro de la matriz de sílice. Los análisis de LIBS confirmaron la presencia de Ca y de Fe en las muestras. En las secciones delgadas se pudo determinar que el relleno de las conchas, está constituido por sílice amorfo apreciándose además una débil traza de la concha original como un sedimento fino. Las trazas de Ca encontradas confirman el reemplazo de aragonito a calcita magnesiana y finalmente a sílice. Utilizando el método de la relación entre la varianza y la media en tres tamaños de cuadrantes se determinó la dispersión de los especímenes. Los valores obtenidos indicaron una distribución de tipo agrupado. Este tipo de distribución es un indicativo de las condiciones de recursos en el hábitat, del modo de reproducción y dispersión. Se puede inferir que el sistema reproductivo dominante de O. ewaldi fue el asexual predominando las formas megalosféricas

A persistência da teoria da degeneração indígena e do colonialismo nos fundamentos da arqueologia brasileira The persistence of the theory of indigenous degeneration and colonialism within the theoretical foundations of Brazilian archeology

Examina a persistência de certos fundamentos teóricos da arqueologia brasileira e do pensamento americanista. Por meio da comparação entre alguns temas da obra de personagens seminais como Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen e Betty Jane Meggers, analisam-se traços temáticos e políticos comuns que marcam uma secular continuidade da teoria da degeneração indígena e do argumento colonialista.<br>The article examines the persistence of certain theoretical foundations of Brazilian archeology and Americanist thought. The theory of indigenous degeneration and the colonialist argument display a secular continuity characterized by common political and thematic lines. This is analyzed through a comparison of some of the topics addressed in the works of seminal figures like Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, and Betty Jane Meggers

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/‘proxy’ AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/‘proxy’ AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

Searching for VHE gamma-ray emission associated with IceCube neutrino alerts using FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS

The realtime follow-up of neutrino events is a promising approach to search for astrophysical neutrino sources. It has so far provided compelling evidence for a neutrino point source: the flaring gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 observed in coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A detected by IceCube. The detection of very-high-energy gamma rays (VHE, E&gt;100GeV E &gt; 100 G e V ) from this source helped establish the coincidence and constrained the modeling of the blazar emission at the time of the IceCube event. The four major imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays (IACTs) - FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS - operate an active follow-up program of target-of-opportunity observations of neutrino alerts sent by IceCube. This program has two main components. One are the observations of known gamma-ray sources around which a cluster of candidate neutrino events has been identified by IceCube (Gamma-ray Follow-Up, GFU). Second one is the follow-up of single high-energy neutrino candidate events of potential astrophysical origin such as IceCube-170922A. GFU has been recently upgraded by IceCube in collaboration with the IACT groups. We present here recent results from the IACT follow-up programs of IceCube neutrino alerts and a description of the upgraded IceCube GFU system