Understanding the Impact of Individual Creativity with Information Technology upon the Deep Usage of IT Systems

In today’s competitive business world, creativity is an important component in enhancing an organization’s ability to retain its competitive advantage and stay ahead of competitors. In order to exploit creativity, firms must learn to identify and leverage it across all levels of the organization. Nonetheless, despite the importance of creativity, no work to date has conceptualized individual creativity with IT, nor studied the impact of creativity with IT upon the deep usage of IT systems. In this paper, we report the results of a study involving 111 users of an Electronic Document System that finds creativity to be a stronger driver of the creation of novel and useful ideas about IT than innovation or self-efficacy. By extension, it was a stronger predictor of the deep usage of IT even after accounting for perceptions towards the IT

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field