A Limonoid Kihadanin B from Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Peels Suppresses Adipogenesis through Repression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ Axis in Adipocytes

<i>Citrus</i> limonoids are secondary metabolites and exhibit a variety of biological activities. In this study, we elucidated the suppression of adipogenesis by a <i>Citrus</i> limonoid kihadanin B and determined its molecular mechanism in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Kihadanin B was purified from the peels of immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> by HPLC, and its chemical structure was determined by NMR and mass spectrometry. Kihadanin B reduced the lipid accumulation with the reduction of the expression levels of the adipogenic and lipogenic genes, but did not affect lipolysis in adipocytes. Phosphorylation levels of Akt and a forkhead transcriptional factor, FOXO1, a repressor of PPARγ, were lowered by kihadanin B. Furthermore, kihadanin B increased the binding level of FOXO1 to the PPARγ gene promoter in adipocytes. These results indicate that a <i>Citrus</i> limonoid kihadanin B repressed the adipogenesis by decreasing lipid accumulation through the suppression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ axis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Additional file 5: Figure SI-15. of Ribosomal subunit protein typing using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification and discrimination of Aspergillus species

Detailed experimental protocols. Detailed sample preparation procedures. Figure SI-16. Detailed construction procedure of the ribosomal protein biomarker list together with peak assignments. (PPTX 61 kb

Additional file 2: Table SI-2. of Ribosomal subunit protein typing using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification and discrimination of Aspergillus species

Corrected amino acid sequences and relating information of RSPs. (DOCX 80 kb

Additional file 1: of Splice-site mutation causing partial retention of intron in the FLCN gene in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: a case report

Figure S1. Amino acid sequence predicted by intron retention. Colored nucleotides are exons 9 and 10, and gray nucleotides starting from the mutated adenine (A, indicated by an arrow) are intron insertions. The predicted amino acid sequence is noted below codons in bold. A 130 bp intron retention leads to a frameshift from the beginning of exon 10, which results in premature termination (indicated by a rectangle). (PPTX 43 kb

Additional file 1: Table SI-1. of Ribosomal subunit protein typing using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification and discrimination of Aspergillus species

The accession number (TrEMBL) of ribosomal protein biomarkers of genome-sequenced strains used in this study. (DOCX 22 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Prevalence of plasma autoantibody against cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in HTLV-1 infected individuals with different clinical status

Results of rank correlation test between anti-NY-ESO-1 antibody titers and virological parameters in HTLV-1-infected individuals with different clinical status. The antibody response to NY-ESO-1 did not correlate with both HBZ (a) and tax (b) mRNA expression and HTLV-1 proviral load (c). To test whether higher HBZ or tax mRNA levels reflect higher proviral load, we adjusted the HBZ or tax mRNA load (i.e. value of tax or HBZ/value of HPRT) by the HTLV-1 proviral load (i.e. HTLV-1 tax copy number per cell). As a result, the antibody response to NY-ESO-1 did not correlate with both tax (d) and HBZ (e) mRNA expression per provirus. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r) and level of significance (p) are indicated within each graph. (PDF 134 kb

Additional file 1: of Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I Tax induces the expression of CD83 on T cells

Figure S1. Western blot analysis of Tax1 expression in PBMCs from an ATL patient (ATL #5) before or after a one-day culture. Cell lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE on a 5–20% gel, and blotted onto PVDF membranes. The membranes were incubated with either mouse anti-human Tax1 mAb (clone Lt-4) or IgG3 isotype control mAb (anti-KLH), followed by treatment with HRP-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG antibody

Guianolides A and B, New Carbon Skeletal Limonoids from the Seeds of <i>Carapa guianensis</i>

Two novel limonoids, named guianolides A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), were isolated from the seeds of <i>Carapa guianensis</i> AUBLET (Meliaceae). Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses and X-ray crystallography. Guianolides A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>) featured an unprecedented carbon skeleton via the formation of a C-11–C-21 bond

Pleurocins A and B: Unusual 11(9 → 7)-<i>abeo</i>-Ergostanes and Eringiacetal B: A 13,14-<i>seco</i>-13,14-Epoxyergostane from Fruiting Bodies of <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production

Two novel 11(9 → 7)-<i>abeo</i>-ergostane-type steroids, named pleurocins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), a 13,14-<i>seco</i>-13,14-epoxy ergostane, named eringiacetal B (<b>3</b>), and an ergostane steroid (<b>4</b>) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> (Pleurotaceae). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallography. A possible biogenesis pathway for <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> was also described. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> exhibited inhibitory activities against NO production with almost no cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 30 μM

Histological features of a micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MPH)-like lesion and adenocarcinomas.

<p><b>(A)</b> The sectioned surface of LP4-T1 is shown. The arrows indicate the white nodule that corresponds to an MPH-like lesion. <b>(B)</b> Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of the MPH-like lesion. The lesion borders on the interlobular septum (ILS), indicated by arrowheads. <b>(C)</b> Further magnification of the lesion. Plump pneumocytes have enlarged nuclei that lack overt atypia and mitosis. The alveolar septa are thickened with dense fibers. <b>(D)</b> Computed tomography of LP1 demonstrates multiple cysts and a ground-glass opacity lesion indicated by arrows. <b>(E)</b> HE staining of the papillary adenocarcinoma (LP1-T1). A star indicates the cyst infiltrated by cancer cells. Inset: Higher magnification of the lesion. <b>(F)</b> HE staining of the micropapillary adenocarcinoma (LP2-T1). Inset: Higher magnification of the lesion.</p