ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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First measurement of the |t|-dependence of coherent J/ψ photonuclear production

The first measurement of the cross section for coherent J/ψ photoproduction as a function of |t|, the square of the momentum transferred between the incoming and outgoing target nucleus, is presented. The data were measured with the ALICE detector in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN=5.02TeV with the J/ψ produced in the central rapidity region |y|<0.8, which corresponds to the small Bjorken-x range (0.3−1.4)×10−3. The measured |t|-dependence is not described by computations based only on the Pb nuclear form factor, while the photonuclear cross section is better reproduced by models including shadowing according to the leading-twist approximation, or gluon-saturation effects from the impact-parameter dependent Balitsky–Kovchegov equation. These new results are therefore a valid tool to constrain the relevant model parameters and to investigate the transverse gluonic structure at very low Bjorken-x.publishedVersio

Resolving the strange behavior of extraterrestrial potassium in the upper atmosphere

It has been known since the 1960s that the layers of Na and K atoms, which occur between 80 and 105 km in the Earth's atmosphere as a result of meteoric ablation, exhibit completely different seasonal behavior. In the extratropics Na varies annually, with a pronounced wintertime maximum and summertime minimum. However, K varies semiannually with a small summertime maximum and minima at the equinoxes. This contrasting behavior has never been satisfactorily explained. Here we use a combination of electronic structure and chemical kinetic rate theory to determine two key differences in the chemistries of K and Na. First, the neutralization of K+ ions is only favored at low temperatures during summer. Second, cycling between K and its major neutral reservoir KHCO3 is essentially temperature independent. A whole atmosphere model incorporating this new chemistry, together with a meteor input function, now correctly predicts the seasonal behavior of the K layer

Intake source characterization of a compression ignition engine: Empirical expressions

Unlike exhaust noise, the intake system noise off an automobile cannot be measured because of the proximity of the engine at the point-of measurement. Besides, the intake side is associated with turbocharger (booster),intercooler, cooling fan, etc., which will make the measurement of the intake noise erroneous. Therefore, in the present investigation, the source characteristics of the intake system have been expressed as functions of the engine's physical, operating and thermodynamic parameters. The pressure time history is first computed by means of the commercial software AVL-BOOST for different acoustic loads (induction pipe lengths), which are then used to determine source characteristics, Le.,p(s) and Z(S) (analogous to the open-circuit voltage and internal impedance of an electrical source), using an appropriate multi-load method. This investigation has been conducted for both naturally aspirated and turbocharged diesel engine. Using this methodology and the resultant empirical relations, one can analyze any compression-ignition (CI) engine configuration for the prediction of the un-muffled noise without having to carry out the rather cumbersome and time-consuming time-domain simulation of the intake side. The aim of the present study is to parameterize the source characteristics of an engine in terms of basic engine parameters, so that a first assessment of the un-muffled intake noise can be made by means of the frequency-domain transfer matrix method before a detailed design is taken up

A New Hybrid Approach for the Thermo-Acoustic Modelling of Engine Exhaust Systems

The time-domain method of characteristics and the frequency-domain linear acoustics method are the two different methods of thermo-acoustic modelling of engine exhaust systems in order to predict exhaust noise. To overcome the disadvantages of both the time-domain and the frequency-domain approaches, a hybrid approach has been developed which couples the acoustical description of the muffler piping system to the acoustic source more realistically than the usual time invariant linear model. A time domain model and the corresponding frequency domain model of a linear dynamical system are interrelated by the Fourier transform pair. In the present work, the cylinder/cavity is analysed in the time domain to calculate exhaust mass flux history at the exhaust valve by means of the method of characteristics, solving a number of equations simultaneously at the valve junction. This analysis has been done by making use of an interrelationship between progressive wave variables of linear acoustic theory and those of the method of characteristics. In this approach, nonlinear propagation in the exhaust pipe is neglected and radiation impedance at the end of the exhaust tail pipe is duly taken into account. Apart from this, actual reflection of the forward wave due to the presence of muffler is incorporated to make the analysis more realistic. Damping effects present in the fluid have also been taken into account. Computational results have been corroborated by experimental data for a single-cylinder, four-stroke cycle diesel engine