Evaluation Of Insecticides Resistance In Blattella Germanica (l., 1757) (dictyoptera: Blatellidae) In Juiz De Fora Municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil [avaliação Da Resistência De Blattella Germanica (l., 1757) (dictyoptera: Blattellidae) A Inseticidas No Município De Juiz De Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil]

Blattella germanica lives a long time in association with the man, near man's food and creating resistance to various insecticides. Thus, it is the species of cockroach more difficult to control, causing great disorder, affecting the economy and presenting medical importance. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of B. germanica to Diazinon® (organophosphate), Cipermetrine® (pyrethroid) and Propoxur® (carbamate) insecticides and the period of residual effect assessed until 15 days of application. In order to evaluate the acquired resistance by B. germanica to insecticide and for better characterization with the day by day of the companies that control pests, the dilution in water followed the instructions of the manufacturer and technique for the test was tarsal contact. The cockroaches were collected in many locations in commercial areas in Juiz de Fora municipality (Minas Gerais) and created in laboratory environment (temperature 28°C ± 1°C, 60% ± 5% relative air humidity), feeding with dog food, powdered milk and water, offered continuously. The specimens obtained from the 3 rd generation were used in the tests, eliminating any previous contact with insecticide or other chemical products. For evaluation of each insecticide were used 1800 specimens. The results showed resistance to Cipermetrine and Propoxur, while Diazinon was the most effective, proving to be the best recommendation for the control of this insect. 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Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae).

<div><p>The spittlebug can seriously limit the production of forage, and the use of chemical products to control insect pests is costly and can harm the environment. Thus, there is a need to reduce the reliance on chemical agents by developing new strategies. The virulence of nine strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to spittlebugs was investigated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Fourth/fifth-instar nymphs of Mahanarva spectabilis were exposed to EPNs in the laboratory and the most virulent strains were applied on the nymphs in the greenhouse at concentrations of 2,000 and 4,000 EPNs/mL. The efficacy of the pathogenic agent was confirmed by the dissection of dead hosts. All the tested strains were pathogenic to the M. spectabilis nymphs in laboratory, particularly Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobraveand Heterorhabditis amazonensisRSC1, each of which caused nymph mortality higher than 80%. The concentration did not influence the efficiency of the strains, and those selected in the laboratory had similar efficiency in the greenhouse, except for S. carpocapsae, which was not as effective as the others. Entomopathogenic nematodes can be included in integrated pest management programs to M. spectabilis.</p></div

Evaluation in vitro of the infection times of engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus by the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri CCA strain Avaliação in vitro dos tempos de infecção de fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus pelo nematoide entomopatogênico Steinernema glaseri estirpe CCA

Studies have shown that ticks are susceptible to infection by entomopathogenic nematodes. These studies indicate different susceptibilities of ticks to infection by these fungi, depending on the tick species, development phase, entomopathogenic nematodes species and strains and the time the ticks are exposed to them. Usually this period ranges from 24 to 72 hours. The aim of this study was to evaluate the infection times in vitro of engorged Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus females by the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema glaseri CCA strain, by analysis of the ticks' biological parameters. The results show that a 2-hour exposure time was sufficient for the engorged R. microplus females to be infected by S. glaseri CCA, but that a minimum exposure time of 24 hours was necessary to generate treatment efficacy above 90%.<br>Os carrapatos são susceptíveis à infecção por nematoides entomopatogênicos. Essa susceptibilidade diverge quanto às espécies de carrapato estudadas, à fase evolutiva, às espécies e estirpes dos nematoides e ao tempo ao qual os carrapatos ficam expostos a estes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os tempos de infecção in vitro de fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus pelo nematoide entomopatogênico Steinernema glaseri estirpe CCA, pela análise dos parâmetros biológicos do carrapato. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que um período de duas horas de exposição foi suficiente para que fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus fossem infectadas por S. glaseri CCA e que um período de exposição mínimo de 24h foi necessário para que houvesse infecção de fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus por S. glaseri estirpe CCA, capaz de gerar, in vitro, eficácia no tratamento superior a 90%