69 research outputs found

    Influence de la pluviométrie et de la mise en place du barrage de Petit Saut (Guyane française) sur la répartition des lépidoptÚres Sphingidae

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    The family Sphingidae bas an important potential as bio-indicators given the 118 species so far enumerated in French Guiana. For instance, more than 25,000 individuals from 104 species have been captured during 90 monthly censuses between January 1990 and October 1997 in the region of Petit Saut, a low-altitude primary forest. Among these species, seven are considered as uncommon on the site of Petit Saut. Therefore, ca 50 % of the species with a sufficient number of individuals for the analysis (n = 30) display particular characteristics: the probability of occurrence differs significantly between months for 14.5 % of them, and for the majority of the species of this farnily seasonal variations in populations abundances are not linked to rainfall, which is usually the most important ecological factor in this environment, temperature being constant in Guianan forest. These fluctuations are therefore due to other factors. The filling of the dam reservoir affected about a third of the species. Adaptations to variations in environmental conditions are not identical across all species . Certain species were not affected by environmental modifications while others grew up taking advantage of these changes and colonized new biotopes, and others decreased.La famille des SphingidĂ©s a des capacitĂ©s bio-indicatrices trĂšs performantes compte tenu des 118 espĂšces connues en Guyane française. Par exemple, plus de 25 000 individus appartenant Ă  104 espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© capturĂ©s lors des 90 piĂ©geages mensuels effectuĂ©s entre janvier 1990 et octobre 1997 dans une zone de forĂȘt primaire de basse altitude dans la rĂ©gion de Petit Saut. Parmi ces espĂšces, sept peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©es comme rares sur le site du barrage de Petit Saut. Par ailleurs, prĂšs de la moitiĂ© des espĂšces ayant un nombre suffisant d'individus pour les analyses (n = 30), prĂ©sentent un comportement particulier : 14,5 % ont une probabilitĂ© d'apparition diffĂ©rente d'un mois Ă  l'autre et pour la plupart des espĂšces de cette famille, les variations saisonniĂšres observĂ©es dans les effectifs ne sont pas liĂ©es Ă  la pluviomĂ©trie qui est le facteur prĂ©pondĂ©rant de cet environnement, la tempĂ©rature restant constante tout au long de l'annĂ©e en forĂȘt guyanaise. D'autres facteurs sont Ă  l'origine de cette fluctuation. On peut observer que, selon les espĂšces, les adaptations aux variations des conditions environnementales ne sont pas identiques. En effet, de nombreuses espĂšces ne sont pas influencĂ©es par ces modifications du milieu tandis que prĂšs d'un tiers des espĂšces sont affectĂ©es dans leur apparition par la mise en eau du barrage de Petit Saut. Certaines espĂšces se sont dĂ©veloppĂ©es en mettant Ă  profit ces changements et en colonisant de nouveaux biotopes, d'autres voyant leurs effectifs diminue

    Influence of the setting up of a man-made lake on mercury levels in the flesh of fish in a neotropical habitat: the Sinnamary river (french Guiana)

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    The filling of the hydroelectric dam reservoir at Petit Saut (French Guiana) in January 1994 brought about changes in the water quality in the reservoir and downstream. The thermal stratification of the waters of the reservoir has resulted in the rapid establishment of an oxygenated epilimnion and an anoxie hypolimnion. Moreover, since 1870, activities linked to gold mining are responsible for the rejection of metallic mercury into the Guianese environment where it accumulates in the food chain. In order to study the consequences of the filling of the dam reservoir at Petit Saut, the total level of mercury in the flesh of the fish in the catchment basin of the Sinnamary River was analyzed on 1,690 fish specimens sampled between 1993 and 1998. This study showed that mercury concentrations increase progressive1y over time, with most of the changes since the filling of the reservoir occurring downstream. The evacuation of the hypolimnic waters seems to influence what becomes of the metal in the food chain. Mercury concentrations in the herbivorous fish did not evolve over time, and remained very 1ow. Among the omnivorous and carnivorous species, an increase in the concentrations was essentially observed in fish samp1ed downstream. Three fish species representing herbivorous (Myleus ternetzi), omnivorous (Leporinus friderici), and carnivorous (Hoplias aimara) species were studied in particu1ar. No significant increase was visible in the reservoir itself, but one cou1d observe the progressive homogenization of the mass of water that triggers, through the trophic chain, the polluting of fish in the epilimnic zoneLa mise en eau du barrage hydroĂ©lectrique de Petit Saut en Guyane française en janvier 1994 a entraĂźnĂ© des modifications de la qualitĂ© de l'eau au sein du rĂ©servoir et dans la partie aval. La stratification thermique des eaux de la retenue a pour consĂ©quence la mise en place rapide d'un Ă©pilimnion oxygĂ©nĂ© et d'un hypolimnion anoxique. Par ailleurs, depuis 1870, les activitĂ©s miniĂšres liĂ©es Ă  l'or sont responsables de rejets de mercure mĂ©tallique dans le milieu guyanais oĂč il s'accumule dans la chaĂźne alimentaire. Afin d'Ă©tudier les consĂ©quences de la mise en eau du barrage de Petit Saut, le mercure total a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ© dans la chair des poissons du bassin versant du fleuve Sinnamary. L'Ă©tude de 1690 individus prĂ©levĂ©s entre 1993 et 1998 montre que les concentrations en mercure augmentent progressivement au fil du temps, l'essentiel des modifications se situant dans la zone aval de la retenue depuis la mise en eau. L'Ă©vacuation d'eaux hypolimniques semble influencer le devenir du mĂ©tal dans la chaĂźne alimentaire. Les herbivores ne prĂ©sentent pas d'Ă©volution au fil du temps, les concentrations restant trĂšs faibles. Chez les omnivores et les carnivores, l'augmentation des concentrations est observĂ©e essentiellement au niveau du tronçon aval. Trois espĂšces reprĂ©sentatives du groupe des herbivores (Myleus ternetzi), des omnivores (Leporinus friderici) et des carnivores (Hoplias aimara) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es plus particuliĂšrement. Au niveau de la retenue, aucune augmentation significative n'est visible, mais on pourrait assister Ă  une homogĂ©nĂ©isation progressive de la masse d'eau, entraĂźnant, au travers des chaĂźnes trophiques, une pollution des poissons de la zone Ă©pilirnniqu

    CURSO DIÁRIO E SAZONAL DO POTENCIAL HÍDRICO FOLIAR DE MOGNO EM SISTEMAAGROFLORESTAL1

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    Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o curso diårio e sazonal do potencial hídrico foliar de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) (Meliaceae) em sistema agroflorestal (SAF). O experimento foi realizado em årvores de S. macrophylla plantadas num sistema agroflorestal instalado no Campo Experimental da Embrapa AmazÎnia Ocidental, Manaus, AM. Avaliou-se o potencial hídrico foliar (Κf) dos cursos diårio e sazonal nos anos 2004 e 2005, por meio da utilização de bomba de pressão tipo Scholander. Os resultados indicaram que os valores do Κf de S. macrophylla, de modo geral, foram superiores no início da manhã e no final da tarde, com redução acentuada ao meio-dia, e que, em relação à sazonalidade de precipitação, as menores taxas foram reportadas para a época menos chuvosa, variando de -26 bar em 2004 para -31bar em 2005. Verificou-se que o potencial hídrico de Swietenia macrophylla em sistema agroflorestal sofreu reduçÔes significativas em razão dos baixos índices pluviométricos entre junho e outubro de 2005

    Interspecific variation of warning calls in piranhas: a comparative analysis

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    Fish sounds are known to be species-specific, possessing unique temporal and spectral features. We have recorded and compared sounds in eight piranha species to evaluate the potential role of acoustic communication as a driving force in clade diversification. All piranha species showed the same kind of sound-producing mechanism: sonic muscles originate on vertebrae and attach to a tendon surrounding the bladder ventrally. Contractions of the sound-producing muscles force swimbladder vibration and dictate the fundamental frequency. It results the calling features of the eight piranha species logically share many common characteristics. In all the species, the calls are harmonic sounds composed of multiple continuous cycles. However, the sounds of Serrasalmus elongatus (higher number of cycles and high fundamental frequency) and S. manueli (long cycle periods and low fundamental frequency) are clearly distinguishable from the other species. The sonic mechanism being largely conserved throughout piranha evolution, acoustic communication can hardly be considered as the main driving force in the diversification process. However, sounds of some species are clearly distinguishable despite the short space for variations supporting the need for specific communication. Behavioural studies are needed to clearly understand the eventual role of the calls during spawning events

    Interspecific variation of warning calls in piranhas: comparative analysis

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    Fish sounds are often considered as species-specific with unique temporal and spectral features. Differences between acoustic signals of closely related species could be considered as pre-zygotic barrier and could be related to the evolutionary history of the species. In the present study, sounds were recorded and compared in eight piranha species (Serrasalmus elongatus, Serrasalmus marginatus, Serrasalmus compressus, Serrasalmus manueli, Serrasalmus spilopleura, Serrasalmus rhombeus, Serrasalmus eigenmanni and Pygocentrus nattereri) in order to evaluate the potential role of acoustic communication as a driving force in the clade diversification. The same kind of sound-producing mechanism was found in all the species: sonic muscles originate on vertebrae and attach to a tendon surrounding ventrally the bladder. Contractions of the sound-producing muscles force swimbladder vibration. Having the same kind of sound-producing mechanism, the calling features of the eight piranha species show logically many common characteristics. In all the species, the calls are harmonic sounds composed of several pulses without inter-pulse interval. It was possible to discern species-specific sounds, but the differences among species could be, in part, explained by the size. Only the sounds of S. elongatus and S. manueli are really distinguishable from the other species. Serrasalmus elongatus differed by having a higher number of pulses and high-pitched fundamental frequency, whereas S. manueli differed by having long pulse periods and a low fundamental frequency. In the framework of this study, acoustic communication cannot be considered as the main driving force in the diversification process of piranhas. Behavioral studies are however needed to clearly understand the eventual role of the calls during the spawning events

    Etude du vieillissement sur les productions langagiĂšres et sur les performances en reconnaissance automatique de la parole

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    International audience‱Cet article rapporte une Ă©tude sur l’utilisabilitĂ© d’un systĂšme de dictĂ©e vocale en français par des personnes ĂągĂ©es versus des personnes jeunes dans diverses situations de production vocale (dictĂ©es versus situation de parole spontanĂ©e). Notre hypothĂšse est que les performances des systĂšmes de reconnaissance pourraient ĂȘtre affaiblies d’une part, par le vieillissement de la voix et d’autre part, par les limites d’usage (essentiellement apprentissage et maĂźtrise de l’artefact technologique) par les personnes ĂągĂ©es. Diverses situations de production de parole sont Ă©tudiĂ©es afin de caractĂ©riser l’effet du vieillissement et d’identifier s’il y a des situations de production verbale et d’usage de technologies vocales plus « handicapantes » que d’autres. AprĂšs une brĂšve prĂ©sentation des consĂ©quences du vieillissement sur les processus cognitifs et perceptifs des personnes ĂągĂ©es, nous discutons les performances des systĂšmes de reconnaissance obtenues sur des Ă©noncĂ©s de personnes ĂągĂ©es. Nous procĂ©dons ensuite Ă  une description du protocole expĂ©rimental. Les dĂ©gradations des performances du systĂšme sont corrĂ©lĂ©es au niveau de contrĂŽle du mode d’élocution : plus le mode d’élocution est libre, plus les performances sont mauvaises. Nos rĂ©sultats confirment ainsi l’effet de l’ñge du locuteur sur les performances de reconnaissance. Un autre rĂ©sultat intĂ©ressant concerne le fait que certaines classes de phonĂšmes telles que les voyelles antĂ©rieures et arrondies seraient plus susceptibles d’ĂȘtre mal reconnues

    FIG. 22 in Fishes of the Mitaraka Mountains (French Guiana)

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    FIG. 22. — Laimosemion geayi (Vaillant, 1889). Photograph: F. Melki.Published as part of <i>SĂ©bastien Brosse, FrĂ©deric Melki & RĂ©gis Vigouroux, 2019, Fishes of the Mitaraka Mountains (French Guiana), pp. 131-151 in Zoosystema 41 (8)</i> on page 149, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a8, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2639414">http://zenodo.org/record/2639414</a&gt
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