The role of the posterior fusiform gyrus in reading

Studies of skilled reading [Price, C. J., & Mechelli, A. Reading and reading disturbance. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 231–238, 2005], its acquisition in children [Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Mencl, W. E., Fulbright, R. K., Skudlarski, P., et al. Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 101–110, 2002; Turkeltaub, P. E., Gareau, L., Flowers, D. L., Zeffiro, T. A., & Eden, G. F. Development of neural mechanisms for reading. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 767–773, 2003], and its impairment in patients with pure alexia [Leff, A. P., Crewes, H., Plant, G. T., Scott, S. K., Kennard, C., & Wise, R. J. The functional anatomy of single word reading in patients with hemianopic and pure alexia. Brain, 124, 510–521, 2001] all highlight the importance of the left posterior fusiform cortex in visual word recognition. We used visual masked priming and functional magnetic resonance imaging to elucidate the specific functional contribution of this region to reading and found that (1) unlike words, repetition of pseudowords (“solst-solst”) did not produce a neural priming effect in this region, (2) orthographically related words such as “corner-corn” did produce a neural priming effect, but (3) this orthographic priming effect was reduced when prime-target pairs were semantically related (“teacher-teach”). These findings conflict with the notion of stored visual word forms and instead suggest that this region acts as an interface between visual form information and higher order stimulus properties such as its associated sound and meaning. More importantly, this function is not specific to reading but is also engaged when processing any meaningful visual stimulus

Dopamine D 4 Receptor-Deficient Mice Display Cortical Hyperexcitability

The dopamine D(4) receptor (D(4)R) is predominantly expressed in the frontal cortex (FC), a brain region that receives dense input from midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons and is associated with cognitive and emotional processes. However, the physiological significance of this dopamine receptor subtype has been difficult to explore because of the slow development of D(4)R agonists and antagonists the selectivity and efficacy of which have been rigorously demonstrated in vivo. We have attempted to overcome this limitation by taking a multidimensional approach to the characterization of mice completely deficient in this receptor subtype. Electrophysiological current and voltage-clamp recordings were performed in cortical pyramidal neurons from wild-type and D(4)R-deficient mice. The frequency of spontaneous synaptic activity and the frequency and duration of paroxysmal discharges induced by epileptogenic agents were increased in mutant mice. Enhanced synaptic activity was also observed in brain slices of wild-type mice incubated in the presence of the selective D(4)R antagonist PNU-101387G. Consistent with greater electrophysiological activity, nerve terminal glutamate density associated with asymmetrical synaptic contacts within layer VI of the motor cortex was reduced in mutant neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that the D(4)R can function as an inhibitory modulator of glutamate activity in the FC.Fil: Rubinstein, Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Cepeda, Carlos. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Hurst, Raymond S.. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Flores Hernandez, Jorge. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Ariano, Marjorie A.. The Chicago Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Falzone, Tomas Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; ArgentinaFil: Kozell, Laura B.. Oregon Health Sciences University; Estados UnidosFil: Meshul, Charles K.. Oregon Health Sciences University; Estados UnidosFil: Bunzow, James R.. Oregon Health Sciences University; Estados UnidosFil: Low, Malcolm J.. Oregon Health Sciences University; Estados UnidosFil: Levine, Michael S.. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Grandy, David K.. Oregon Health Sciences University; Estados Unido

Cognitive subtypes in recent onset psychosis: distinct neurobiological fingerprints?

133In schizophrenia, neurocognitive subtypes can be distinguished based on cognitive performance and they are associated with neuroanatomical alterations. We investigated the existence of cognitive subtypes in shortly medicated recent onset psychosis patients, their underlying gray matter volume patterns and clinical characteristics. We used a K-means algorithm to cluster 108 psychosis patients from the multi-site EU PRONIA (Prognostic tools for early psychosis management) study based on cognitive performance and validated the solution independently (N = 53). Cognitive subgroups and healthy controls (HC; n = 195) were classified based on gray matter volume (GMV) using Support Vector Machine classification. A cognitively spared (N = 67) and impaired (N = 41) subgroup were revealed and partially independently validated (Nspared = 40, Nimpaired = 13). Impaired patients showed significantly increased negative symptomatology (pfdr = 0.003), reduced cognitive performance (pfdr < 0.001) and general functioning (pfdr < 0.035) in comparison to spared patients. Neurocognitive deficits of the impaired subgroup persist in both discovery and validation sample across several domains, including verbal memory and processing speed. A GMV pattern (balanced accuracy = 60.1%, p = 0.01) separating impaired patients from HC revealed increases and decreases across several fronto-temporal-parietal brain areas, including basal ganglia and cerebellum. Cognitive and functional disturbances alongside brain morphological changes in the impaired subgroup are consistent with a neurodevelopmental origin of psychosis. Our findings emphasize the relevance of tailored intervention early in the course of psychosis for patients suffering from the likely stronger neurodevelopmental character of the disease.openopenWenzel J.; Haas S.S.; Dwyer D.B.; Ruef A.; Oeztuerk O.F.; Antonucci L.A.; von Saldern S.; Bonivento C.; Garzitto M.; Ferro A.; Paolini M.; Blautzik J.; Borgwardt S.; Brambilla P.; Meisenzahl E.; Salokangas R.K.R.; Upthegrove R.; Wood S.J.; Kambeitz J.; Koutsouleris N.; Kambeitz-Ilankovic L.; Sen Dong M.; Erkens A.; Gussmann E.; Haas S.; Hasan A.; Hoff C.; Khanyaree I.; Melo A.; Muckenhuber-Sternbauer S.; Kohler J.; Oeztuerk O.F.; Popovic D.; Penzel N.; Rangnick A.; von Saldern S.; Sanfelici R.; Spangemacher M.; Tupac A.; Urquijo M.F.; Weiske J.; Wosgien A.; Ruhrmann S.; Rosen M.; Betz L.; Haidl T.; Blume K.; Seves M.; Kaiser N.; Pilgram T.; Lichtenstein T.; Woopen C.; Borgwardt S.; Andreou C.; Egloff L.; Harrisberger F.; Lenz C.; Leanza L.; Mackintosh A.; Smieskova R.; Studerus E.; Walter A.; Widmayer S.; Chisholm K.; Day C.; Griffiths S.L.; Iqbal M.; Lalousis P.; Pelton M.; Mallikarjun P.; Stainton A.; Lin A.; Denissoff A.; Ellila A.; Tiina From R.N.; Heinimaa M.; Ilonen T.; Jalo P.; Heikki Laurikainen R.N.; Lehtinen M.; Antti Luutonen R.N.; Makela A.; Paju J.; Pesonen H.; Armio (Saila) R.-L.; Sormunen E.; Toivonen A.; Turtonen O.; Solana A.B.; Abraham M.; Hehn N.; Schirmer T.; Altamura C.; Belleri M.; Bottinelli F.; Re M.; Monzani E.; Percudani M.; Sberna M.; D'Agostino A.; Del Fabro L.; Menni V.S.B.; Perna G.; Nobile M.; Alciati A.; Balestrieri M.; Cabras G.; Fabbro F.; Piccin S.; Bertolino A.; Blasi G.; Antonucci L.A.; Pergola G.; Caforio G.; Faio L.; Quarto T.; Gelao B.; Romano R.; Andriola I.; Falsetti A.; Barone M.; Passatiore R.; Sangiuliano M.; Lencer R.; Surman M.; Bienek O.; Romer G.; Dannlowski U.; Schultze-Lutter F.; Schmidt-Kraepelin C.; Neufang S.; Korda A.; Rohner H.Wenzel, J.; Haas, S. S.; Dwyer, D. B.; Ruef, A.; Oeztuerk, O. F.; Antonucci, L. A.; von Saldern, S.; Bonivento, C.; Garzitto, M.; Ferro, A.; Paolini, M.; Blautzik, J.; Borgwardt, S.; Brambilla, P.; Meisenzahl, E.; Salokangas, R. K. R.; Upthegrove, R.; Wood, S. J.; Kambeitz, J.; Koutsouleris, N.; Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L.; Sen Dong, M.; Erkens, A.; Gussmann, E.; Haas, S.; Hasan, A.; Hoff, C.; Khanyaree, I.; Melo, A.; Muckenhuber-Sternbauer, S.; Kohler, J.; Oeztuerk, O. F.; Popovic, D.; Penzel, N.; Rangnick, A.; von Saldern, S.; Sanfelici, R.; Spangemacher, M.; Tupac, A.; Urquijo, M. F.; Weiske, J.; Wosgien, A.; Ruhrmann, S.; Rosen, M.; Betz, L.; Haidl, T.; Blume, K.; Seves, M.; Kaiser, N.; Pilgram, T.; Lichtenstein, T.; Woopen, C.; Borgwardt, S.; Andreou, C.; Egloff, L.; Harrisberger, F.; Lenz, C.; Leanza, L.; Mackintosh, A.; Smieskova, R.; Studerus, E.; Walter, A.; Widmayer, S.; Chisholm, K.; Day, C.; Griffiths, S. L.; Iqbal, M.; Lalousis, P.; Pelton, M.; Mallikarjun, P.; Stainton, A.; Lin, A.; Denissoff, A.; Ellila, A.; Tiina From, R. N.; Heinimaa, M.; Ilonen, T.; Jalo, P.; Heikki Laurikainen, R. N.; Lehtinen, M.; Antti Luutonen, R. N.; Makela, A.; Paju, J.; Pesonen, H.; Armio (Saila), R. -L.; Sormunen, E.; Toivonen, A.; Turtonen, O.; Solana, A. B.; Abraham, M.; Hehn, N.; Schirmer, T.; Altamura, C.; Belleri, M.; Bottinelli, F.; Re, M.; Monzani, E.; Percudani, M.; Sberna, M.; D'Agostino, A.; Del Fabro, L.; Menni, V. S. B.; Perna, G.; Nobile, M.; Alciati, A.; Balestrieri, M.; Cabras, G.; Fabbro, F.; Piccin, S.; Bertolino, A.; Blasi, G.; Antonucci, L. A.; Pergola, G.; Caforio, G.; Faio, L.; Quarto, T.; Gelao, B.; Romano, R.; Andriola, I.; Falsetti, A.; Barone, M.; Passatiore, R.; Sangiuliano, M.; Lencer, R.; Surman, M.; Bienek, O.; Romer, G.; Dannlowski, U.; Schultze-Lutter, F.; Schmidt-Kraepelin, C.; Neufang, S.; Korda, A.; Rohner, H

2017 Commencement for Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and Jefferson School of Population Health

Processional Trumpet Voluntary, JOHN STANLEY The Jefferson Processional, BURLE MARX Organist, THE REVEREND R. BRUCE TODD Opening Proclamation RICHARD W. HEVNER, Chair, Board of Trustees, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health Presentation of Colors U.S. Armed Forces Career Center, Philadelphia The National Anthem Convocation and Remarks STEPHEN K. KLASKO, MD, MBA President and CEO, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health President\u27s Award PRESIDENT KLASKO (HAROLD AND LYNNE HONICKMAN) Conferring of Honorary Degrees PRESIDENT KLASKO (CAROLINE KIMMEL, Doctor of Science; SIDNEY KIMMEL, Doctor of Science; DONATO J . TRAMUTO, Doctor of Science) Conferring of Degrees in Course (President Klasko) Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences Doctor of Philosophy Master of Science Presented by GERALD B. GRUNWALD, PH, Dean, Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences Jefferson College of Population Health Doctor of Philosophy Master of Public Health Master of Science Presented by DAVID B. NASH, MD, MBA, Dean, Jefferson College of Population Health Sidney Kimmel Medical College Doctor of Medicine Presented by MARK L. TYKOCINSKI, MD, Provost and Executive Vice President, Thomas Jefferson University, Anthony F. and Gertrude M. DePalma Dean, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Oath of Hippocrates JOSEPH F. MAJDAN, MD, FACP, Associate Professor of Medicine Recessional Pomp and Circumstance, ELGAR (REVEREND TODD

2017 Commencement for Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and Jefferson School of Population Health

Processional Trumpet Voluntary, JOHN STANLEY The Jefferson Processional, BURLE MARX Organist, THE REVEREND R. BRUCE TODD Opening Proclamation RICHARD W. HEVNER, Chair, Board of Trustees, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health Presentation of Colors U.S. Armed Forces Career Center, Philadelphia The National Anthem Convocation and Remarks STEPHEN K. KLASKO, MD, MBA President and CEO, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health President\u27s Award PRESIDENT KLASKO (HAROLD AND LYNNE HONICKMAN) Conferring of Honorary Degrees PRESIDENT KLASKO (CAROLINE KIMMEL, Doctor of Science; SIDNEY KIMMEL, Doctor of Science; DONATO J . TRAMUTO, Doctor of Science) Conferring of Degrees in Course (President Klasko) Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences Doctor of Philosophy Master of Science Presented by GERALD B. GRUNWALD, PH, Dean, Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences Jefferson College of Population Health Doctor of Philosophy Master of Public Health Master of Science Presented by DAVID B. NASH, MD, MBA, Dean, Jefferson College of Population Health Sidney Kimmel Medical College Doctor of Medicine Presented by MARK L. TYKOCINSKI, MD, Provost and Executive Vice President, Thomas Jefferson University, Anthony F. and Gertrude M. DePalma Dean, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Oath of Hippocrates JOSEPH F. MAJDAN, MD, FACP, Associate Professor of Medicine Recessional Pomp and Circumstance, ELGAR (REVEREND TODD

Development and evaluation of a mobile-optimized daily self-rating depression screening app: A preliminary study

The aims of this study were to design a mobile app that would record daily self-reported Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (K-CESD-R) ratings in a "Yes" or "No" format, develop two different algorithms for converting mobile K-CESD-R scores in a binary format into scores in a 5-point response format, and determine which algorithm would be more appropriately applied to the newly developed app. Algorithm (A) was designed to improve the scoring system of the 2-week delayed retrospective recall-based original K-CESD-R scale, and algorithm (B) was designed to further refine the scoring of the 24-hour delayed prospective recall-based mobile K-CESD-R scale applied with algorithm (A). To calculate total mobile K-CESD-R scores, each algorithm applied certain cut-off criteria for a 5-point scale with different inter-point intervals, defined by the ratio of the total number of times that users responded "Yes" to each item to the number of days that users reported daily depressive symptom ratings during the 2-week study period. Twenty participants were asked to complete a K-CESD-R Mobile assessment daily for 2 weeks and an original K-CESD-R assessment delivered to their e-mail accounts at the end of the 2-week study period. There was a significant difference between original and mobile algorithm (B) scores but not between original and mobile algorithm (A) scores. Of the 20 participants, 4 scored at or above the cut-off criterion (≥13) on either the original K-CESD-R (n = 4) or the mobile K-CESD-R converted with algorithm (A) (n = 3) or algorithm (B) (n = 1). However, all participants were assessed as being below threshold for a diagnosis of a mental disorder during a clinician-administered diagnostic interview. Therefore, the K-CESD-R Mobile app using algorithm (B) could be a more potential candidate for a depression screening tool than the K-CESD-R Mobile app using algorithm (A).ope

2017 Commencement for Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and Jefferson School of Population Health

Processional Trumpet Voluntary, JOHN STANLEY The Jefferson Processional, BURLE MARX Organist, THE REVEREND R. BRUCE TODD Opening Proclamation RICHARD W. HEVNER, Chair, Board of Trustees, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health Presentation of Colors U.S. Armed Forces Career Center, Philadelphia The National Anthem Convocation and Remarks STEPHEN K. KLASKO, MD, MBA President and CEO, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health President\u27s Award PRESIDENT KLASKO (HAROLD AND LYNNE HONICKMAN) Conferring of Honorary Degrees PRESIDENT KLASKO (CAROLINE KIMMEL, Doctor of Science; SIDNEY KIMMEL, Doctor of Science; DONATO J . TRAMUTO, Doctor of Science) Conferring of Degrees in Course (President Klasko) Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences Doctor of Philosophy Master of Science Presented by GERALD B. GRUNWALD, PH, Dean, Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences Jefferson College of Population Health Doctor of Philosophy Master of Public Health Master of Science Presented by DAVID B. NASH, MD, MBA, Dean, Jefferson College of Population Health Sidney Kimmel Medical College Doctor of Medicine Presented by MARK L. TYKOCINSKI, MD, Provost and Executive Vice President, Thomas Jefferson University, Anthony F. and Gertrude M. DePalma Dean, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Oath of Hippocrates JOSEPH F. MAJDAN, MD, FACP, Associate Professor of Medicine Recessional Pomp and Circumstance, ELGAR (REVEREND TODD

Modelling the propagation of adult male muscle dysmorphia in Spain: economic, emotional and social drivers

This is an author's accepted manuscript of an article published in: “Applied Economics"; Volume 47, Issue 12, 2015; copyright Taylor & Francis; available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2013.870657Males aged over 40 do more gym practice to improve their body image as a way of reinforcing their personal self-esteem and sexual appeal. Cases when self-image becomes an obsession may result in a body dysmorphic disorder named ‘muscle dysmorphia’ (MD). The combination of psychological, environmental and biological drivers determines the appearance and development of this disorder. In this article, we developed a discrete population mathematical model to forecast the rate of prevalence of males who are noncompetitive bodybuilders at risk of suffering MD in Spain in forthcoming years. Economic, emotional, sociological and psychological motivations were taken into account to quantify the dynamic behaviour of Spanish noncompetitive bodybuilders. The impact of the unemployment is reflected in the construction of two coefficients, αu and α21, which explain subpopulation transits due to the economy. Sociological influences, such as human herding and social propagation, were also considered. Our results predict an increase in Spanish noncompetitive bodybuilders suffering MD from 1% in 2011 to around 11% in 2015. Our model can be applied to any other western country where data are available and to another study period when the hypotheses are applicable.De La Poza, E.; Jódar Sánchez, LA.; Alkasadi, M. (2015). Modelling the propagation of adult male muscle dysmorphia in Spain: economic, emotional and social drivers. Applied Economics. 47(12):1159-1169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2013.870657S115911694712Blashfield, R. K., Sprock, J., & Fuller, A. K. (1990). Suggested guidelines for including or excluding categories in the DSM-IV. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15-19. doi:10.1016/0010-440x(90)90049-xBoyda, D., & Shevlin, M. (2011). Childhood victimisation as a predictor of muscle dysmorphia in adult male bodybuilders. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 32(3-4), 105-115. doi:10.1080/03033910.2011.616289Brown, J., & Graham, D. (2008). Body Satisfaction in Gym-active Males: An Exploration of Sexuality, Gender, and Narcissism. Sex Roles, 59(1-2), 94-106. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9416-4Brown, J. T. (2005). Anabolic Steroids: What Should the Emergency Physician Know? Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 23(3), 815-826. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.03.012Chaney, M. P. (2008). Muscle Dysmorphia, Self-esteem, and Loneliness among Gay and Bisexual Men. International Journal of Men’s Health, 7(2), 157-170. doi:10.3149/jmh.0702.157Choi, P. Y. L. (2002). Muscle dysmorphia: a new syndrome in weightlifters * Commentary. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(5), 375-376. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.5.375Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370-379. doi:10.1056/nejmsa066082Cohane, G. H., & Pope, H. G. (2001). Body image in boys: A review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(4), 373-379. doi:10.1002/eat.1033Duato, R., & Jódar, L. (2013). Mathematical modeling of the spread of divorce in Spain. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 57(7-8), 1732-1737. doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2011.11.020Eide, E. R., & Ronan, N. (2001). Is participation in high school athletics an investment or a consumption good? Economics of Education Review, 20(5), 431-442. doi:10.1016/s0272-7757(00)00033-9Farrell, L., & Shields, M. A. (2002). Investigating the economic and demographic determinants of sporting participation in England. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 165(2), 335-348. doi:10.1111/1467-985x.00626French, S. A., Story, M., Downes, B., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. W. (1995). Frequent dieting among adolescents: psychosocial and health behavior correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 85(5), 695-701. doi:10.2105/ajph.85.5.695García, I., Jódar, L., Merello, P., & Santonja, F.-J. (2011). A discrete mathematical model for addictive buying: Predicting the affected population evolution. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 54(7-8), 1634-1637. doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2010.12.012González-Martí, I., Bustos, J. G. F., Jordán, O. R. C., & Mayville, S. B. (2012). Validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: Escala de Satisfacción Muscular. Body Image, 9(4), 517-523. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.05.002Greenberg, J. L., Markowitz, S., Petronko, M. R., Taylor, C. E., Wilhelm, S., & Wilson, G. T. (2010). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(3), 248-258. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.02.002Hildebrandt, T., Schlundt, D., Langenbucher, J., & Chung, T. (2006). Presence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology among male weightlifters. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(2), 127-135. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.06.001Hitzeroth, V., Wessels, C., Zungu-Dirwayi, N., Oosthuizen, P., & Stein, D. J. (2001). Muscle dysmorphia: A South African sample. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 55(5), 521-523. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00899.xHONEKOPP, J., RUDOLPH, U., BEIER, L., LIEBERT, A., & MULLER, C. (2007). Physical attractiveness of face and body as indicators of physical fitness in men. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(2), 106-111. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.09.001Humphreys, B. R., & Ruseski, J. E. (2011). An Economic Analysis of Participation and Time Spent in Physical Activity. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 11(1). doi:10.2202/1935-1682.2522Kanayama, G. (2006). Body Image and Attitudes Toward Male Roles in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Users. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 697. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.697Keery, H., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1(3), 237-251. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17(3), 191-198. doi:10.1002/erv.897Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Touyz, S. W., & De la Garza García Lic, Y. (2010). Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM-V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(6), 483-491. doi:10.1002/eat.20828Nieuwoudt, J. E., Zhou, S., Coutts, R. A., & Booker, R. (2012). Muscle dysmorphia: Current research and potential classification as a disorder. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 569-577. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.03.006Olivardia, R. (2001). Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Who’s the Largest of Them All? The Features and Phenomenology of Muscle Dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9(5), 254-259. doi:10.1080/hrp.9.5.254.259Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Muscle Dysmorphia in Male Weightlifters: A Case-Control Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(8), 1291-1296. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1291Phillips, K. A. (2009)Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder an Essential Guide, 49, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.Phillips, K. A., Wilhelm, S., Koran, L. M., Didie, E. R., Fallon, B. A., Feusner, J., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Body dysmorphic disorder: some key issues for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 573-591. doi:10.1002/da.20709Pompper, D. (2010). Masculinities, the Metrosexual, and Media Images: Across Dimensions of Age and Ethnicity. Sex Roles, 63(9-10), 682-696. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9870-7Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle Dysmorphia: An Underrecognized Form of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548-557. doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(97)71400-2Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Mangweth, B., Bureau, B., deCol, C., Jouvent, R., & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Body Image Perception Among Men in Three Countries. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(8), 1297-1301. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1297Kanayama, G., Brower, K. J., Wood, R. I., Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G. (2009). Issues for DSM-V: Clarifying the Diagnostic Criteria for Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(6), 642-645. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08111699Pope, H. G., Katz, D. L., & Hudson, J. I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and «reverse anorexia» among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406-409. doi:10.1016/0010-440x(93)90066-dPopkin, B. M. (2003). The Nutrition Transition in the Developing World. Development Policy Review, 21(5-6), 581-597. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8659.2003.00225.xRaafat, R. M., Chater, N., & Frith, C. (2009). Herding in humans. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 420-428. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.002RICCIARDELLI, L. A., & McCABE, M. P. (2003). Sociocultural and individual influences on muscle gain and weight loss strategies among adolescent boys and girls. Psychology in the Schools, 40(2), 209-224. doi:10.1002/pits.10075Silver, M. D. (2001). Use of Ergogenic Aids by Athletes. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 9(1), 61-70. doi:10.5435/00124635-200101000-00007Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., & Schermer, F. (1999). Parental input and weight concerns among elementary school children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25(3), 263-271. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199904)25:33.0.co;2-vVarangis, E., Lanzieri, N., Hildebrandt, T., & Feldman, M. (2012). Gay male attraction toward muscular men: Does mating context matter? Body Image, 9(2), 270-278. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.003Catherine Walker, D., Anderson, D. A., & Hildebrandt, T. (2009). Body checking behaviors in men. Body Image, 6(3), 164-170. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.001Wolke, D., & Sapouna, M. (2008). Big men feeling small: Childhood bullying experience, muscle dysmorphia and other mental health problems in bodybuilders. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 595-604. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.10.00

Application of Supervised Machine Learning for Behavioral Biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Electrodermal Activity and Virtual Reality

[EN] Objective: Sensory processing is the ability to capture, elaborate, and integrate information through the five senses and is impaired in over 90% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ASD population shows hyper¿hypo sensitiveness to sensory stimuli that can generate alteration in information processing, affecting cognitive and social responses to daily life situations. Structured and semi-structured interviews are generally used for ASD assessment, and the evaluation relies on the examiner¿s subjectivity and expertise, which can lead to misleading outcomes. Recently, there has been a growing need for more objective, reliable, and valid diagnostic measures, such as biomarkers, to distinguish typical from atypical functioning and to reliably track the progression of the illness, helping to diagnose ASD. Implicit measures and ecological valid settings have been showing high accuracy on predicting outcomes and correctly classifying populations in categories. Methods: Two experiments investigated whether sensory processing can discriminate between ASD and typical development (TD) populations using electrodermal activity (EDA) in two multimodal virtual environments (VE): forest VE and city VE. In the first experiment, 24 children with ASD diagnosis and 30 TDs participated in both virtual experiences, and changes in EDA have been recorded before and during the presentation of visual, auditive, and olfactive stimuli. In the second experiment, 40 children have been added to test the model of experiment 1. Results: The first exploratory results on EDA comparison models showed that the integration of visual, auditive, and olfactive stimuli in the forest environment provided higher accuracy (90.3%) on sensory dysfunction discrimination than specific stimuli. In the second experiment, 92 subjects experienced the forest VE, and results on 72 subjects showed that stimuli integration achieved an accuracy of 83.33%. The final confirmatory test set (n = 20) achieved 85% accuracy, simulating a real application of the models. Further relevant result concerns the visual stimuli condition in the first experiment, which achieved 84.6% of accuracy in recognizing ASD sensory dysfunction. Conclusion: According to our studies¿ results, implicit measures, such as EDA, and ecological valid settings can represent valid quantitative methods, along with traditional assessment measures, to classify ASD population, enhancing knowledge on the development of relevant specific treatments.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness-funded project Immersive Virtual Environment for the Evaluation and Training of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: T Room (IDI-20170912) and by the Generalitat Valenciana-funded project REBRAND (PROMETEU/2019/105).Alcañiz Raya, ML.; Chicchi-Giglioli, IA.; Marín-Morales, J.; Higuera-Trujillo, JL.; Olmos-Raya, E.; Minissi, ME.; Teruel García, G.... (2020). Application of Supervised Machine Learning for Behavioral Biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Electrodermal Activity and Virtual Reality. 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A Comparison of Risperidone and Buspirone for Treatment of Behavior Disorders in Children with Phenylketonuria

How to Cite This Article: Fayyazi A, Salari E, Khajeh A, Ghajarpour A. A Comparison of Risperidone and Buspirone for Treatment ofBehavior Disorders in Children with Phenylketonuria. Iran J Child Neurol. 2014 Autumn; 8(4):33-38.AbstractObjectiveMany patients with late-diagnosed phenylketonuria (PKU) suffer from severe behavior problems. This study compares the effects of buspirone and risperidone on reducing behavior disorders in these patients.Materials &amp; MethodsIn this crossover clinical trial study, patients with severe behavior disorders after medical examination were randomly divided into two groups of two 8-week crossover treatments with risperidone or buspirone. Patient behavioral disorders before and after treatment by each drug was rated by parents on the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF), and after treatment by each drug, were assessed by a physician through clinical global impression (CGI).ResultsThirteen patients were able to complete the therapy period with these two medications.The most common psychiatric diagnoses were intellectual disability accompanied by pervasive developmental disorder NOS, and intellectual disability accompanied by autistic disorder. Risperidone was significantly effective in reducing the NCBRF subscales of hyperactivity disruptive/ stereotypic, and conduct problems. Treatment by buspirone only significantly decreased the severity of hyperactivity, but other behavior aspects showed no significant differences. Assessment of the severity of behavior disorder after treatment by risperidone and buspirone showed significant differences in reducing hyperactivity and masochistic/stereotype.ConclusionAlthough buspirone is effective in controlling hyperactivity in patients with PKU, it has no preference over risperidone. Therefore, it is recommended as an alternative to risperidone.ReferencesSmith I, Nowles JK. Behaviour in early treated phenylketonuria: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2000;159:89-93.Targum SD and Lang W .Neurobehavioral Problems Associated with Phenylketonuria. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 2009; 7(12):29–32.Luciana M, Hanson K L,Whitley C B.A preliminary report on dopamine system reactivity in PKU: acute effects of haloperidol on neuropsychological, physiological, and neuroendocrine functions. Psychopharmacology 2004;175: 18–25.Pappadopulos E, Woolston S, Chait A, Perkins M, Connor DF, Jensen P S. Pharmacotherapy of Aggression in Children and Adolescents: Efficacy and Effect Size. 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