Kepentingan Amerika Serikat dalam Mempertahankan Perdagangan Produk Apple Inc di Korea Selatan

This research explain about interest United State comerce product ofApple Inc at South Korean. Which South Korean have a product of smarthphonehas been to being the world. But, half of South Koreans people more to useproduct of Apple Inc. At market, Apple Inc have more importent relation withUnited State. Other that relation, United State also have interest at South Koreanin econmic and politic. One of strategy United State to relaize the interest atSouth Korean are with defend comerce product of Apple Inc at South Korean.This research use kualitatif analisis, use the theory competitive adventage fromMichaele E. Potter. This research also use national interest concep and levelanalysis nation state. The writer used data which was collected from books,journal, thesis, and website to analysis the research. Finding, this research isdecicion of goverment United State by take outside right veto as to purpose for fillinterest economic and politic United State. Interest economic is get contributionto country and interest politik is attaiment purpose to get more power of alliancemilitary with South Korean.Key words: Interest, Apple Inc, Economic Politic, Superiority Competitiv

Reaction network analysis and continuous production of isosorbide tert-butyl ethers

Isosorbide is considered a versatile biogenic platform compound for the production of chemicals. The functionalization of its two hydroxyl groups is challenging since they exhibit a different configuration and thus, different reactivity as well as sterical accessibility. We investigated the formation of the respective tert-butyl ethers by an addition reaction of isosorbide to isobutene heterogeneously catalyzed by acidic ion exchange resins. An efficient liquid phase process under ambient conditions in a batch reactor has been developed. The reaction network was unravelled by detailed investigation of the reaction kinetics. Additionally, the feasibility of continuous processing was successfully demonstrated on the lab-scale applying a continuously stirred-tank reactor

Ambient temperature gas phase sulfonation: A mild route towards acid functionalized ordered mesoporous organosilica

Sulfonation is a versatile method for the production of acidic materials, e. g. for applications in catalysis. In this study different sulfonation techniques for the production of acidic ordered mesoporous materials are investigated. SBA-15-like mesoporous organosilanes bearing aromatic moieties are sulfonated in the liquid phase with oleum as well as in the gas phase under significantly milder conditions with sulfur trioxide. Functionalization via liquid phase sulfonation at elevated temperatures proceeds at the expense of partial or complete collapse of the pore system. In contrast, gas phase sulfonation with sulfur trioxide at ambient temperature allows for similar sulfonation yields, while maintaining the textural properties due to the milder reaction conditions. Overall, acid functionalization of mesoporous organosilica using a gas phase sulfonation route is reported for the first time, enabling both high acid capacities and preservation of the pore structure

Catalysts design for higher alcohols synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation: Trends and future perspectives

Global warming due to the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 has received great attention in recent years. Hence, it is urgent to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and develop sustainable technologies for a circular carbon economy. In this regard, CO2 capture coupled with the conversion into chemicals and fuels provides a promising solution to reduce CO2 emissions as well as to store and utilize renewable energy. Among the many possible CO2 conversion pathways, CO2 hydrogenation to higher alcohols is considered an important strategy for the synthesis of carbon-based fuels and feedstock and holds great promise for the chemical industry. Thus, this review provides an overview of advances in CO2 hydrogenation to higher alcohols that have been achieved recently in terms of catalyst design, catalytic performance, and insight into the reaction mechanism under different experimental conditions. First, the limitations provided by reaction thermodynamics and the indispensability of catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to higher alcohols are discussed. Then, four main categories of catalysts will be introduced and discussed (i.e. Rh-, Cu-, Mo-, and Co-based catalysts). Moreover, important factors significantly influencing the efficiency of the catalytic transformation such as alkali/alkaline earth metal promoters, transition metal promoters, catalyst supports, catalyst precursors, and reaction conditions, as well as the reaction mechanism are explained. Finally, the review discusses emerging methodologies yet to be explored and future directions to achieve a high efficiency for the hydrogenation of CO2 to higher alcohols

Microsoft Access as a Support System in New Student Reception SMA Negeri 1 Curug Tanggerang

The rapid computer developments lately almost cover all areas of life one of them is a computer or computer USAge in educational institutions. The development of personal computers (PCs) are becoming more sophisticated and faster process but with a smaller form than the initial findings so that price is becoming more affordable and easily obtainable.Suggested advantage is that it can save time, effort and accuracy of the data more reliable, but still there are still perceived shortage is the lack of experts who understand the software that is used is when there hamabatn obstacles and interference

Separation in Biorefineries by Liquid Phase Adsorption: Itaconic Acid as Case Study

In biorefinery processes often the downstream processing is the technological bottleneck for an overall high efficiency. On the basis of recent developments, the selective liquid phase adsorption applying highly hydrophobic porous materials opened up new opportunities for process development. In this contribution, the efficiency of selective liquid phase adsorption is demonstrated for the separation and purification of itaconic acid from aqueous solutions for the first time. A wide range of different adsorbents was screened, revealing the surface polarity as well as textural properties as critical parameters for their performance. Adsorption from mixed solutions of itaconic acid and glucose exhibited extraordinary high selectivities for adsorbents with highly hydrophobic surfaces, especially certain activated carbons and hyper-cross-linked polymers. Evaluation of the pH dependence showed that the respective molecular species of itaconic acid/itaconate has a major impact on the adsorption performance. Additionally, experiments on a continuously operated fixed-bed adsorber were carried out, and the desorption behavior was evaluated. Overall, the technical feasibility of the selective adsorptive removal of itaconic acid from aqueous solutions with hydrophobic adsorbents is demonstrated as a model system for an alternative technology to conventional separation strategies in biorefinery concepts

Solvent effects on catalytic activity and selectivity in amine-catalyzed D-fructose isomerization

Rational catalyst design and optimal solvent selection are key to advancing biorefining. Here, we explored the organocatalytic isomerization of D-fructose to a valuable rare monosaccharide, D-allulose, as a function of solvent. The isomerization of D-fructose to D-allulose competes with its isomerization to D-glucose and sugar degradation. In both water and DMF, the catalytic activity of amines towards D-fructose is correlated with their basicity. Solvents impact the selectivity significantly by altering the tautomeric distribution of D-fructose. Our results suggest that the furanose tautomer of D-fructose is isomerized to D-allulose, and the fractional abundance of this tautomer increases as follows: water < MeOH < DMF ≈ DMSO. Reaction rates are also higher in aprotic than in protic solvents. The best D-allulose yield, 14 %, was obtained in DMF with 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as the catalyst. The reaction kinetics and mechanism were explored using operando NMR spectroscopy

Iron and Manganese Containing Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction ‐ Unravelling Influences on Activity and Stability

Hydrogen economy is a central aspect of future energy supply, as hydrogen can be used as energy storage and fuel. In order to make water electrolysis efficient, the limiting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) needs to be optimized. Therefore, C‐based composite materials containing earth‐abundant Fe and Mn were synthesized, characterized and tested in the OER. For pyrolysis temperatures above 700 °C N‐rich multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are obtained. Inside the tubes Fe3C particles are formed, Fe and Mn oxides are incorporated in the carbon matrix and metal spinel nanoparticles cover the outer surface. The best catalyst prepared at 800 °C achieves a low overpotential of 389 mV (at 10 mA/cm2) and high stability (22.6 h). From electrochemical measurements and characterization it can be concluded that the high activity is mainly provided by MWCNT, Fe3C and the metal oxides in the conductive carbon matrix. The metal spinel nanoparticles in contrast protect the MWCNT from oxidation and thereby contribute to the high stability.BMBF, 03SF0508, Clusterprojekt "MANGAN"; Teilprojekt: Entwicklung neuartiger Mangankomplexe zur elektrokatalytischen Generierung von Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff aus Wasse

Promotion effect of rare earth elements (Ce, Nd, Pr) on physicochemical properties of M-Al mixed oxides (M = Cu, Ni, Co) and their catalytic activity in N2O decomposition

A series of M-AlOx mixed oxides (M = Cu, Co, Ni) with the addition of high loadings of rare earth elements (REE, R = Ce, Nd, Pr; R0.5M0.8Al0.2, molar ratio) were investigated in N2O decomposition. The precursors were prepared by coprecipitation and subsequent calcination at 600\ua0\ub0C. The obtained mixed metal oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction with Rietveld analysis, N2 sorption, and H2 temperature-programmed reduction. Depending on the nature of REE and the initial M-Al system, R cations could be separately segregated in oxide form or coordinated with the transition metal cations and form mixed structures. The addition of Ce3+ consistently led to nanocrystalline CeO2 mixed with the divalent oxides, whereas the addition of Nd3+ or Pr3+ resulted in the formation of their respective oxide phases as well as perovskites/Ruddlesden–Popper phases. The presence of REE modified the textural and redox properties of the calcined materials. The rare earth element-induced formation of low-temperature reducible MOx species that systematically improved the N2O decomposition on the modified catalysts compared to the pristine M-Al materials by the order of Co &gt; Ni &gt; Cu. The Ce0.5Co0.8Al0.2 catalyst revealed the highest activity and remained stable (approximately 90% of N2O conversion) for 50\ua0h during time-on-stream in 1000\ua0ppm N2O, 200\ua0ppm NO, 20 000\ua0ppm O2, 2500\ua0ppm H2O/N2 balance at WHSV = 16 L g−1\ua0h−1

Исследование коррозионных процессов бурового оборудования в жидкостях заканчивания скважин

В процессе исследования были рассмотрены и проанализированы основные факторы, влияющие на потерю массы металлических пластин. Исследована эффективность ингибиторов в различных средах. Изучены существующие разновидности коррозии. Описаны методики проведенных экспериментов, проведена обработка полученных данных. Проанализированы и выявлены закономерности потери массы при одинаковой температуре в одной среде, но при различных концентрациях.In the course of the research, the main factors affecting the weight loss of metal plates were considered and analyzed. The effectiveness of inhibitors in various media has been investigated. Existing types of corrosion have been studied. The methods of the experiments performed are described, and the data obtained are processed. Analyzed and revealed the regularities of weight loss at the same temperature in the same medium, but at different concentrations