The character of non-manipulable collective choices between two alternatives

We consider classes of non-manipulable two-valued social choice functions, i.e., social choice functions with range of cardinality two within a larger set of alternatives. Corresponding to the different classes, the functional forms are described. Further we show that they, and some others from previous literature, can all be unified using a common structure. Such a structure relies on the concept of character function we introduce. This is a function from the domain of the admissible profiles, that notably we do not assume to be universal, to a partially ordered set. The proper choice of the character function, marks the distinction among different classes and permits the description of all social choice functions of a class in simple terms.Comment: JEL Code: D7

Insilico Molecular Docking - A tool to understand the action of Rasaushadhis

Rasashastra, a branch of Ayurveda consists of many metallo-mineral preparations which are explained as highly efficacious in smaller doses and even in shorter duration. We know the functions of Rasaushadhis (herbo-mineral preparations), but we are lacking the knowledge of their Pharmacodynamics which may benefit us in understanding the exact site where, how and which active principle work and at what rate a drug will interact with its target biomolecule. The advent of new Sciences like Bioinformatics has made drug discovery faster and economical. Bioinformatics research focuses on biology at a molecular level by identifying the effect of drugs at the level of individual genes, DNA, RNA and proteins. It utilizes existing information to model disease pathways and identifies precise targets of the drug. The unclearly answered questions can be clarified by understanding and adopting the concept of ‘Insilico Molecular Docking’, means a computational study of binding of Ligand to specific Receptor. The action between the receptor and ligand is by selectivity and affinity; Lock and Key concept. It encompasses all theoretical methods and computational techniques to model and the behavior of molecules and by scoring function we can come to know the best suitable receptor for particular ligand. The working methodology includes preparation of Ligand, Receptor, Docking and inspection by X-Ray Crystallography, NMR techniques. The process of standardization is needed in Rasashastra but, there are some difficulties. One can overcome this by understanding the mode of action of Rasaushadhis -Rasabhasmas through molecular Docking which helps in drug discovery and development, optimisation of action and inhibition of harmful effects

Endocrine Autoimmunity in Association with Female Infertility

Infertility is the inability to conceive after a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse, affecting 10-15% of couples. Advanced age, obesity, and certain medications can hinder fertility. Endocrine autoimmunity is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to female infertility, often complicating various gynecological conditions. Autoimmune issues involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, and ovaries can impact fertility. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for diagnosing infertility, with a crucial focus on identifying potential endocrine disorders. Here we discuss how to identify endocrine autoimmune patients with ovulatory dysfunction. Women must be advised about limiting factors to be avoided, to protect their fertility. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms, coupled with appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, is crucial for effectively managing this complex condition and helping women achieve their reproductive goals

Phaeohyphomycosis Masquerading As Epidermal Cyst – A Diagnostic Dilemma in Immunocompetent Hosts and Review of Literature

Phaeohyphomycosis is caused by a rare dematiaceous, pigmented, mycelia forming fungi. It is an opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts. It can present with varied clinical manifestations, as subcutaneous infection to widespread fulminant disseminated disease. Here we present three cases of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in immunocompetent hosts at unusual site – popliteal fossa, great toe and sole of the foot. Awareness of unusual clinical presentation of Phaeohyphomycosis can lead to early diagnosis which may help in prevention of wide spread dissemination of disease and fatal outcome

Influence of different methods of rice (Oryzae sativa.l) cultivation – SRI vs NTP on microbes, soil health and grainyeild

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar, a systems approach to increasing rice productivity with less reliance on expensive external inputs, is gaining momentum all over the world including India. IIRR has conducted a long term experiments in sandy clay loam soils (2008-09 to 2010-11) to compare the organic and inorganic sources of nutrients for its productivity and soil health in SRI vs Best Management Practice (BMP) of Normal puddled Transplanted rice. The superior performance of SRI with higher microbial biomass corbon (17.2 %) coupled with higher dehydrogenase activity (ug TPFg-1soil 24h-1) with SRI (182) as compared to BMP indicating soil health improvement. SRI method with organic and inorganic nutrient application yielded 15.66 to 22.76 %mean higher grain yield in wet and dry seasons respectively as compared to BMP indicating a major factor contributing to positive SRI crop results is that its practices (young seedling, wider spacing, inter cultivation with weeder, saturation of soil use of organics) respectively taken together, create conditions in which beneficial microbes prosper due to well aeration and improves the soil health

Stability indicating method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin calcium and celecoxib in bulk and niosomal formulation by RP-HPLC

The present work describes development and validation of a specific, sensitive, precise and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method of analysis of atorvastatin calcium and celecoxib, both as a bulk drug and in niosomal formulation. The analysis has been performed by using Cosmosil-C18 column (4.6 mm´250 mm, 5 m) at 25 °C using acetonitrile: ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.0: methanol (50:25:25 v/v/v) as mobile phase. The detection was carried out at 277nm with a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The retention times of Atorvastatin calcium and Celecoxib were 6.195 and 3.989min, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines, for specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy and robustness. Atorvastatin calcium and Celecoxib were subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. The degradation was observed in oxidation and acid hydrolysis. The linearity for atorvastatin calcium and celecoxib were in the range of 100-500 µg/mL. The recovery study of atorvastatin and celecoxib were found to be in the range of 98.96 - 99.92% and 98.90-100%, respectively. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of Atorvastatin calcium and Celecoxib in combined in-house niosomal formulation.O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e a validação de método de análise por cromatografia de alta eficiência específico, sensível, preciso e indicador de estabilidade de atorvastatina cálcica e celecoxibe, ambos como fármaco e como formulação niosômica. A análise foi realizada utilizando coluna Cosmosil-C18 (4,6 mm´250 mm, 5 m) a 25 °C, e acetonitrila: tampão acetato de amônio pH 5,0: metanol (50:25:25 v/v/v) como fase móvel. A detecção foi realizada a 277 nm, com fluxo de 1,0 mL/min. Os tempos de retenção de atorvastatina cálcica e de celecoxibe foram 6,195 e 3,989 min, respectivamente. O método foi validado de acordo com as regras da ICH para especificidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. A atorvastatina cálcica e o celecoxibe foram submetidos a condições de estresse por hidrólise, oxidação, fotólise e degradação térmica. A degradação foi observada por oxidação e hidrólise ácida. Observou-se a linearidade da atorvastatina cálcica e do celecoxibe na faixa de 100-500 µg/mL. A recuperação da atorvastatina e do celecoxibe foi observada na faixa de 98,96-99,92% e 98,90-100%, respectivamente. O método proposto foi validado e aplicado com sucesso para a determinação de atorvastatina cálcica e celecoxibe em formulação niosômica caseira combinada