26 research outputs found

    Carbone des sols en Afrique

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    Les sols sont une ressource essentielle Ă  prĂ©server pour la production d’aliments, de fibres, de biomasse, pour la filtration de l’eau, la prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ© et le stockage du carbone. En tant que rĂ©servoirs de carbone, les sols sont par ailleurs appelĂ©s Ă  jouer un rĂŽle primordial dans la lutte contre l’augmentation de la concentration de gaz Ă  effet de serre. Ils sont ainsi au centre des objectifs de dĂ©veloppement durable (ODD) des Nations unies, notamment les ODD 2 « Faim zĂ©ro », 13 « Lutte contre le changement climatique », 15 « Vie terrestre », 12 « Consommation et production responsables » ou encore 1 « Pas de pauvretĂ© ». Cet ouvrage prĂ©sente un Ă©tat des lieux des sols africains dans toute leur diversitĂ©, mais au-delĂ , il documente les capacitĂ©s de stockage de carbone selon les types de sols et leurs usages en Afrique. Il propose Ă©galement des recommandations autour de l’acquisition et de l’interprĂ©tation des donnĂ©es, ainsi que des options pour prĂ©server, voire augmenter les stocks de carbone dans les sols. Tous les chercheurs et acteurs du dĂ©veloppement impliquĂ©s dans les recherches sur le rĂŽle du carbone des sols sont concernĂ©s par cette synthĂšse collective. Fruit d’une collaboration entre chercheurs africains et europĂ©ens, ce livre insiste sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prendre en compte la grande variĂ©tĂ© des contextes agricoles et forestiers africains pour amĂ©liorer nos connaissances sur les capacitĂ©s de stockage de carbone des sols et lutter contre le changement climatique

    Concevoir, implanter et évaluer une stratégie d'intervention de groupe auprÚs d'adolescentes et d'adolescents référés à l'application des mesures des Centres jeunesse en vertu de l'article 38h de la Loi de la protection de la jeunesse : projet pilote

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    La présente étude est un projet pilote qui vise à concevoir, à implanter et à évaluer une intervention de groupe pour des jeunes du Centre jeunesse de l'Estrie présentant des problÚmes de comportement sérieux, et d'en évaluer les effets. L'échantillon de cette étude compte quinze jeunes, dont neuf filles et six garçons, ùgés de 14 à 16 ans présentant des problÚmes de comportement sérieux et bénéficiant d'un suivi du Centre jeunesse de l'Estrie. Les résultats révÚlent qu'il y a une évolution positive significative chez les filles et les garçons ayant participé à l'intervention de groupe de jeunes. Les filles présentent une amélioration significative sur le plan des habiletés sociales plus développées. Les garçons réduisent de maniÚre significative leurs problÚmes de comportement intériorisés et extériorisés et nous remarquons une amélioration des habiletés sociales de base. La conception et l'implantation de l'intervention ont été évaluées sur la base des standards du plan d'action proposé par le groupe de consultation, selon une approche d'évaluation de programmes proposés par Chen (2005). L'analyse des standards du groupe de consultation nous a permis de constater que l'intervention, de façon générale, a été implantée fidÚlement. Les résultats de cette étude pilote nous signalent la pertinence de poursuivre l'application de ce type d'intervention

    Utilisation des tableaux de bord en pharmacie hospitaliĂšre : une revue narrative

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    Objectif : L’objectif principal est de recenser les donnĂ©es relatives Ă  la conception et Ă  la diffusion de tableaux de bord de gestion auprĂšs des Ă©quipes de pharmacie. L’objectif secondaire est de situer la pratique au sein des dĂ©partements de pharmacie du QuĂ©bec.  Mise en contexte : Il s’agit d’une revue de la littĂ©rature scientifique. Une recherche a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e dans PubmedMD, EmbaseMD, Google ScholarMD et dans la littĂ©rature grise. Ont Ă©tĂ© inclus les articles en français ou en anglais dĂ©crivant l’utilisation rĂ©elle de tableaux de bord de gestion dans les dĂ©partements de pharmacie en Ă©tablissement de santĂ©. De plus, un courriel a Ă©tĂ© envoyĂ© aux 31 chefs de dĂ©partements de pharmacie en fonction en Ă©tablissement de santĂ© au QuĂ©bec au 1er mai 2021, afin d’évaluer l’état de la situation entourant l’utilisation de tableaux de bord en pharmacie.  RĂ©sultats : Concernant la revue de littĂ©rature, nous avons trouvĂ© 929 articles. Cependant, la recherche est peu concluante, puisque seuls 12 articles dĂ©crivent de telles initiatives, principalement aux États-Unis. De plus, ces Ă©tudes nous renseignent peu sur l’impact de ces outils. Notre enquĂȘte auprĂšs des chefs de dĂ©partement de pharmacie du QuĂ©bec confirme que la diffusion de tableaux de bord et d’indicateurs aux membres du dĂ©partement de pharmacie est encore limitĂ©e.  Conclusion : Il existe peu de donnĂ©es sur l’utilisation de tableaux de bord en pharmacie hospitaliĂšre, mais elle pourrait ĂȘtre utile Ă  la rĂ©troaction, Ă  la comparaison et Ă  l’amĂ©lioration des pratiques. D’autres travaux, menĂ©s notamment auprĂšs de pharmaciens cliniciens, sont nĂ©cessaires afin d’en mesurer l’impact. Abstract  Objective: The primary objective of this study is to identify data concerning the creation of management dashboards and their dissemination to pharmacy teams. The secondary objective is to situate the practice in Quebec pharmacy departments.  Background: This study involved a review of the scientific literature. A search was conducted in PubmedÂź, EmbaseÂź, Google ScholarÂź, and the grey literature. Articles in French or English describing the actual use of management dashboards in institutional pharmacy departments were included. In addition, an e-mail was sent to the 31 pharmacy department heads serving in Quebec’s health-care facilities as at May 1, 2021, to assess the situation regarding the use of management dashboards in their pharmacies.  Results: The literature review yielded 929 articles. However, the search was inconclusive, as only 12 articles describe such initiatives, mainly in the United States. Furthermore, these studies provide little information on the impact of these tools. Our survey of Quebec pharmacy department heads confirms that the dissemination of dashboards and indicators to pharmacy department staff is still limited.  Conclusion: There is little data on the use of dashboards in hospital pharmacies, but their use could be helpful for feedback and for comparing and improving practices. Further work, particularly with clinical pharmacists, is needed to measure its impact.

    Early Increase in Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in a Murine Model Exposed to Fifteen Days of Intermittent Hypoxia

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    Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by intermittent repeated episodes of hypoxia–reoxygenation. OSA is associated with cerebrovascular consequences. An enhanced blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability has been proposed as a marker of those disorders. We studied in mice the effects of 1 day and 15 days intermittent hypoxia (IH) exposure on BBB function. We focused on the dorsal part of the hippocampus and attempted to identify the molecular mechanisms by combining in vivo BBB permeability (Evans blue tests) and mRNA expression of several junction proteins (zona occludens (ZO-1,2,3), VE-cadherin, claudins (1,5,12), cingulin) and of aquaporins (1,4,9) on hippocampal brain tissues. After 15 days of IH exposure we observed an increase in BBB permeability, associated with increased mRNA expressions of claudins 1 and 12, aquaporins 1 and 9. IH seemed to increase early for claudin-1 mRNA expression as it doubled with 1 day of exposure and returned near to its base level after 15 days. Claudin-1 overexpression may represent an immediate response to IH exposure. Then, after 15 days of exposure, an increase in functional BBB permeability was associated with enhanced expression of aquaporin. These BBB alterations are possibly associated with a vasogenic oedema that may affect brain functions and accelerate neurodegenerative processes

    Plasma lipidomic analysis to investigate putative biomarkers of P-glycoprotein activity in healthy volunteers

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    International audienceP-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter involved in the bioavailability of many drugs currently on the market. P-gp is responsible for several drug-drug interactions encountered in clinical practice leading to iatrogenic hospital admissions, especially in polypharmacy situations. ABCB1 genotyping only reflects an indirect estimate of P-gp activity. Therefore, it would be useful to identify endogenous biomarkers to determine the P-gp phenotype to predict in vivo activity prior to the initiation of treatment and to assess the effects of drugs on P-gp activity. The objective of this study was to assess changes in plasma lipidome composition among healthy volunteers selected on the basis of their ABCB1 genotype and who received clarithromycin, a known inhibitor of P-gp. Untargeted lipidomic analysis based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed before and after clarithromycin administration. Our results revealed changes in plasma levels of some ceramides (Cers) {Cer(d18:1/22:0), Cer(d18:1/22:1), and Cer(d18:1/20:0) by similar to 38% (p < 0.0001), 13% (p < 0.0001), and 13% (p < 0.0001), respectively} and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) {PC(17:0/14:1), PC(16:0/18:3), and PC(14:0/18:3) by similar to 24% (p < 0.001), 10% (p < 0.001), and 23.6% (p < 0.001)} associated with both ABCB1 genotype and clarithromycin intake. Through the examination of plasma lipids, our results highlight the relevance of untargeted lipidomics for studying in vivo P-gp activity and, more generally, to safely phenotyping transporters

    Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets as Potential Nanocarriers for Brain Delivery Assisted by Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption

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    International audienceThe management of brain diseases remains a challenge, particularly because of the difficulty for drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier. Among strategies developed to improve drug delivery, nano-sized emulsions (i.e., nanoemulsions), employed as nanocarriers, have been described. Moreover, focused ultrasound-mediated blood–brain barrier disruption using microbubbles is an attractive method to overcome this barrier, showing promising results in clinical trials. Therefore, nanoemulsions combined with this technology represent a real opportunity to bypass the constraints imposed by the blood–brain barrier and improve the treatment of brain diseases. In this work, a stable freeze-dried emulsion of perfluorooctyl bromide nanodroplets stabilized with home-made fluorinated surfactants able to carry hydrophobic agents is developed. This formulation is biocompatible and droplets composing the emulsion are internalized in multiple cell lines. After intravenous administration in mice, droplets are eliminated from the bloodstream in 24 h (blood half-life (t1/2) = 3.11 h) and no long-term toxicity is expected since they are completely excreted from mice’ bodies after 72 h. In addition, intracerebral accumulation of tagged droplets is safely and significantly increased after focused ultrasound-mediated blood–brain barrier disruption. Thus, the proposed nanoemulsion appears as a promising nanocarrier for a successful focused ultrasound-mediated brain delivery of hydrophobic agents

    Transactional sex is the driving force in the dynamics of HIV in Accra, Ghana.

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    OBJECTIVE: To delineate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of transactional sex in prevalent cases of HIV infection in the male adult population of Accra, Ghana. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of clients who visited a sex worker (SW), of boyfriends of SW and of male personnel in prostitution venues. A questionnaire was administered and urine obtained for detection of anti-HIV antibodies. The PAF of prevalent HIV acquired from SW was calculated using a combination of data from this survey of clients, from on-going SW surveys, the national HIV surveillance system and the national census. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 4.9% (8/162) among clients of mobile SW, 15.8% (53/335) among clients of home-based SW, 17.5% (10/57) among personnel and 32.1% (9/28) among boyfriends. A condom was used in 90% of intercourses, according to clients. Non-use of a condom was clustered in selected locations and independently associated with older age of client, frequency of intercourse with SW in the last year and current urethritis. Among the male population of Accra aged 15-59 years, 84% of prevalent cases of HIV were attributable to transactional sex. A sensitivity analysis showed that under various assumptions PAF varied between 47% and 100%. CONCLUSIONS: In Accra, approximately four-fifths of prevalent cases of HIV in adult males were acquired from SW. Comprehensive interventions providing education, condoms and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases for SW and their clients should be approached as other public health priorities and provided in all cities, large and small, of West Africa
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