Determine of Surface Water Quality Index in Iran

In modeling complex of environmental problems, researchers often fail to define precise statements about input and outcomes of contaminants, but fuzzy logic could help to dominate this logical indecision. The goal of this work is to propose a new river water quality indicator using fuzzy logic. The proposed index combines six indicators, and not only does it exhibit a tool that accounts for the discrepancy between the two base indices, but also provides a quantifiable score for the determined water quality. These classifications with a membership grade can be of a sound support for decision-making, and can help assign each section of a river a gradual quality sub-objective to be reached. To show the applicability of the proposed approach, the new indicator was used to classify water quality in a number of stations along the basins of Qarah-chai and Siminehrood. The obtained classifications were then compared to the conventional physicochemical water quality indicator currently in use in Iran. The results revealed that the fuzzy indicator provided stringent classifications compared to the conventional index in 38% and 44% of the cases for the two basins respectively. These noted exceptions are mainly due to the big disagreement between the different quality thresholds in the two standards, especially for fecal coliform and total phosphorus. These large disparities put forward an argument for the Iranian water quality law to be upgraded. Keywords: Fuzzy logic; Qarah-chai basin; Siminehrood; Water quality inde

Assessment of air pollution in exercise centers and health risks

Background: In recent years, Tehran has faced major problems with air pollution for many reasons, and this issue has become a critical point in most of the days. However, less attention has been paid to the indoor air pollutants in exercise centers and their possible health effects. In this research, it was tried to briefly describe the characteristics and chemical composition of the aerosols present in the exercise centers of Tehran. Methods: Sampling was carried out by a high volume sampler with a value of 1.5 m3/min. Fiberglass filters were used to sample aerosol particles. The samples were then studied by scanning electron micrograph (SEM) method. Results: The results showed that average concentration of aerosol particles in the indoor and outdoor sports halls was 125 and 162 μg/m3, respectively. Therefore, there was a minor difference in the aerosols concentration inside and outside the sports venues during the competition period and in the presence of athletes. Also, chemical composition and morphology of the aerosol particles showed that there was a minor difference between the atmospheric particles inside and outside the exercise centers. Major elements found in the PM2.5 aerosol were Si, O, C, Mg, Ca, Mn and K. In general, common major crustal elements found in the atmospheric particles over all the sites were Si, Al, and Fe. Conclusion: It seems that many citizens of the polluted cities exercise indoor because of causes other than outdoor air pollution such as lack of time or appropriate facilities. Thus, it is necessary for all students, athletes, people and other health workers involved in sports and exercise medicine to know briefly about indoor air pollutants and its possible health effects on athletes who exercise in these environments. Keywords: Air pollution, Athletes, Aerosols, Outdoo

Strategic evaluation and analysis of improving the level of loyalty in tourism destinations (Case: Study: Yazd city)

Introduction: Loyalty of a tourist to a specific destination is a key issue in urban tourism management. A high level of loyalty in a destination can have positive consequences for the development of tourism in that region. One of the important topics in this field is the strategic measurement and analysis of the level of tourism loyalty in different dimensions and components and providing strategies to improve it. In the meantime, measuring the goals, capabilities of cities, and the opportunities and challenges ahead in the field of tourism loyalty and knowing the competitors of the destination are taken into account for the strategic analysis of tourism loyalty. As one of the urban tourism destinations of Iran, the city of Yazd attracts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year with its many tourist spaces and products. the main goal of the research is to provide strategies for the development of the loyalty level of Yazd city through the recognition and evaluation of the objectives, capabilities, opportunities, challenges and competitors of the city's tourism and evaluating its strategic suitability.Data and Method: the current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive of the survey type based on its nature and method. The required data is prepared based on the library and field method. The statistical sample of the research was 30 people from the group of experts, including officials and managers of tourism, researchers and researchers, owners of tourism businesses, and a number of residents with a history of the city, which due to the limited statistical population, the whole number method was used to get samples. became. For the strategic analysis of the research, Meta-SWOT analytical model, which is an advanced SWOT model, has been used.Results: The results showed that the most important resources and capabilities in order to improve the level of tourism loyalty in the city of Yazd include the positive effects of the globalization of the city of Yazd on improving the character of the city and its historical attractions, changing the positive mentality of tourists towards the city, understanding its scientific and historical value. And to arouse their feelings, to raise the quality of services, relative participation of citizens in social and tourism programs, acceptable tourism security and urban infrastructure and services, agency services and health tourism ConclusionThe result of the strategic analysis shows the greater homogeneity of Yazd's tourism capabilities and external factors and goals in terms of strategic fit, and the aforementioned capabilities play an important role in improving the level of loyalty at a medium level, and based on this, solutions have been presented to improve it

Effects of Dexmedetomidine on surgical stress responses at patients under CABG

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery with extracorporeal circulation produce changes in the immune system and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. we hypothesize that Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant , modulates the inflammatory response after CABG. In a prospective, randomized, blind study, 31 patients were assigned to Dexmedetomidine (Dex) group and compared with control group of 30 patients. Dex was administered at a loading dose of 0.5 μg/kg for 10 min , followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 μg/kg per hour until the completion of CABG with CPB . The endpoints used to assess inflammatory responses to mini - CPB were plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - � , interleukin (IL - 6 ) and interleukin ( IL - 10) levels. The inflammatory markers (IL - 6 , IL - 10 , TNF - � ) were determined after Dex administration , before CPB and 24 hours after admission to ICU. Biochemical factors including glucose , creatinine , lactate , BUN, AST , ALT , LDH were determined before CPB, immediately after entering the ICU , 24 hr , 48 hr and 72 hr post admission to ICU. Hemodynamic variables were also determined. Dex group was associated with a significant reduction in urea and creatinine. There were no significant differences in glucose, lactate, liver enzymes, LDH , IL - 6, IL - 10 and hemodynamic variables. In contrast, the surgery - induced increase in TNF - � levels in the Dex group was significantly higher compared with the control group

Mathematical modeling of the tumor cells population dynamics in breast cancer / Amin Oroji

The role of mathematics in cancer research has steadily increased over time. Multidisciplinary collaboration in cancer research is essential and mathematical applications can significantly contribute to many areas of cancer research. For example, mathematical models can provide deeper insight and establish a framework for understanding properties of cancer cells. Modeling the effects of radiation on cancer cells is one of the most interesting areas in mathematical biology and a variety of models by using the Target theory and DNA fragmentations have been applied to describe how radiation influence tumor cells. In this study, two new mathematical frameworks are proposed to model the population dynamics of heterogeneous tumor cells after the treatment with external beam radiation. The first model is derived based on the Target Theory and Hit Theory. According to these theories, the tumor population is divided into m different sub-populations based on the different effects of ionizing radiations on human cells. This model consists of a system of differential equations with random variable coefficients representing the dynamics transition rates between sub-populations. The model is also describing the heterogeneity of the cell damage and the repair mechanism between two consecutive dose fractions. In the second model, we study the population dynamics of breast cancer cells treated with radiotherapy by using a system of stochastic differential equations. According to the cell cycle, each cell belongs to one of three subpopulations G, S, or M, representing gap, synthesis, and mitosis subpopulations. Cells in the M subpopulation are highly radio-sensitive, whereas cells in the S subpopulation are highly radio-resistant. Therefore, in the process of radiotherapy, cell death rates of different subpopulations are not equal. In addition, since flow cytometry is unable to detect apoptotic cells accurately, the small changes in cell death rate in each subpopulation during treatment are considered. Therefore, a new definition for the lifespan of the tumor based on population size is introduced. Tumor Lifespan is defined as the minimum number of dose fractions needed to remove the whole tumor. The stability of the first model is studied by considering three cases. For the first and second cases, we assumed that each cell has two and three targets (m = 2 and m = 3). Applying Routh-Hurwitz criterion, it is proven that the system is stable when the probability that one target becomes deactivated after the application of a dose fraction (q) is greater than or equal to 0.5. Finally, the system stability for the third case is investigated analytically when each cell assumed has m targets. By using Gershgorin theorem, it is shown that the system is stable where q > 0:5. In the second model, the existence and uniqueness of the solution are proven and an explicit solution for the SDE model is presented. Moreover, the system stability is investigated via a necessary and sufficient condition on model parameters. The transition rates are estimated in a steady state condition. Subsequently, the model is solved numerically using Euler- Murayama and Milstein methods and the other parameters of the model are estimated using parametric and nonparametric simulated likelihood estimation parameter methods. Finally, we did a number of experiments on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The cell cycle analysis assay has been used to analyze experimental data. Then the obtained data is applied and able to calibrate and verify our models

Assessing groundwater vulnerability by pollution mapping in Iran: Case study Hamadan - Bahar plain

El agua subterránea es vulnerable a la contaminación debido a actividades humanas. Un aspecto fundamental de su manejo es la localización de la vulnerabilidad. El acuífero de Hamadan-Bahar se encuentra en la parte central de la provincia de Hamadan al oeste de Irán, y es una reserva económica prioritaria ya que se utiliza tanto en irrigación como para consumo doméstico. A partir de 2005 se han desarrollado en Irán modelos numéricos para evaluar la vulnerabilidad y varios indicadores hidrológicos de contaminación potencial del agua. La aplicación de métodos como DRASTIC, SINTACS, SI y GOD ha mostrado que las zonas de mayor vulnerabilidad se encuentran al sur y al oeste del acuífero de Hamadan-Bahar. Los resultados indican que con los modelos DRASTIC, SI, GOD y SINTACS, el 7.1, 44.21, 29.56 y 20.16 por ciento de las áreas tienen un alto potencial de vulnerabilidad. Considerando el modelo DRASTIC el 33.6 % del área de estudio presenta una vulnerabilidad baja a la contaminación, mientras que el 29.4% presenta vulnerabilidad moderada. La precisión de los modelos se evaluó aplicando una regresión lineal entre los valores observados de nitratos y la vulnerabilidad estimada por contaminación en los pozos medidos. Una correlación significativa se observó entre los nitratos medidos y el potencial de contaminación evaluada con el modelo DRASTIC fue el mejor para estimar la vulnerabilidad del agua subterránea a la contaminación en los pozos medidos. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2018.57.3.210

Modelled mobility of heavy metals in water and sediments

In this study, based on an analytical system proposed in the literature, mobility, and transport of heavy metals and also, sedimentation was performed simulation and modeling, under dynamic conditions, considering the material balance and complementary equations. The simulation of metal accumulation in water pillar and sediments was first performed with different inflow metal concentration ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 g/m3 at a certain value of influent water flow rate. Also, the value of the index related to incoming and output flow was modified. This simulation performed for a period of 300 days. The results showed modeling and simulation can be applied as a tool for fast assessment of metal transport in water and sediments because it requires a minimal number of measurements. The modeling demonstrated that the system is dynamic, and reach the steady state depending on volumetric flow rate of water into water and, in a less extent, on the concentration of the metal in the incoming flow water stream. The concentration of the dissolved heavy metal, as well as that of the adsorbed to solid particles, depends mainly on the concentration of the heavy metal in the incoming flow water stream

Effects of fireworks ancient celebrations on atmospheric concentration of particulate matter in Iran

The Chahar-Shanbe Suri culture in Iran is a significant and direct factor leading to air pollution in Iran. This study investigates why and how “Chahar-Shanbe Suri” culture leads to increased air pollution in Iran. Following the fireworks of Chahar-Shanbe Suri in Tehran, Tehran’s air quality index increased by a high slope, and the clean condition with the 49 index at 20 pm was unhealthy for all segments of society with a 177 index at 23 o’clock. Of course, according to the data measured in Tehran’s air quality assessment stations, the air quality index in the areas of the city has risen above or near 200, which indicates a very unhealthy condition. The results of the SEM-EDS indicated that the PM of fireworks in the area make up the largest proportion of atmospheric particles. The chemical composition of particle was the origin of organic matter and the soot combinations from the combustion of sulfur compounds. The people, governments, and industry should work together to navigate positive initiatives. Public education and media navigation are necessary for dealing with the cultural aspects of environmental pollution and also, the management of celebrating can reduce the impact of fireworks on the air quality

Assessment of air pollution in exercise centers and health risks

Background: In recent years, Tehran has faced major problems with air pollution for many reasons, and this issue has become a critical point in most of the days. However, less attention has been paid to the indoor air pollutants in exercise centers and their possible health effects. In this research, it was tried to briefly describe the characteristics and chemical composition of the aerosols present in the exercise centers of Tehran. Methods: Sampling was carried out by a high volume sampler with a value of 1.5 m3/min. Fiberglass filters were used to sample aerosol particles. The samples were then studied by scanning electron micrograph (SEM) method. Results: The results showed that average concentration of aerosol particles in the indoor and outdoor sports halls was 125 and 162 μg/m3, respectively. Therefore, there was a minor difference in the aerosols concentration inside and outside the sports venues during the competition period and in the presence of athletes. Also, chemical composition and morphology of the aerosol particles showed that there was a minor difference between the atmospheric particles inside and outside the exercise centers. Major elements found in the PM2.5 aerosol were Si, O, C, Mg, Ca, Mn and K. In general, common major crustal elements found in the atmospheric particles over all the sites were Si, Al, and Fe. Conclusion: It seems that many citizens of the polluted cities exercise indoor because of causes other than outdoor air pollution such as lack of time or appropriate facilities. Thus, it is necessary for all students, athletes, people and other health workers involved in sports and exercise medicine to know briefly about indoor air pollutants and its possible health effects on athletes who exercise in these environments