PENINGKATAN KECAKAPAN MASYARAKAT SONAF HONIS BONEN DALAM BUDIDAYA DAN PENGOLAHAN CABAI

Ketersediaan buah cabai di pasaran umumnya tidak stabil. Saat panen raya suplai cabai melimpah sehingga harganya rendah. Sebaliknya saat musim hujan, suplai cabai sangat terbatas sehingga harganya melonjak. Masyarakat desa Oeltua Kabupaten Kupang umumnya adalah petani dan peternak. Salah satu tanaman yang banyak diusahakan adalah cabai. Melalui kegiatan PKM ini dilakukan transfer ilmu pengetahuan dan keterampilan bagi Kelompok Tani Kaum Ibu Sonaf Honis Bonen dan masyarakat setempat untuk meningkatkan kecakapan dalam budidaya cabai serta pengolahan cabai, yaitu dengan pemanfaatan mulsa plastik hitam perak serta penggunaan food dehydrator dalam pengolahan buah cabai. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan metode penyuluhan dan diskusi serta demplot penggunaan mulsa plastik dalam budidaya cabai, serta praktek pengolahan buah cabai menggunakan food dehydrator. Mulsa plastik berguna untuk mencegah pertumbuhan gulma serta mengurangi evaporasi. Hal ini sesuai untuk Kabupaten Kupang yang termasuk daerah semi arid atau beriklim kering. Proses pengeringan buah cabai cukup sederhana sehingga mudah dipraktekkan oleh peserta kegiatan ini. Luaran kegiatan PKM ini berupa produk buah cabai kering, boncabai, serta serpihan cabai atau chilli-flake. Luaran akademik berupa publikasi ilmiah pada jurnal nasional terindeks Sinta-5, publikasi pada media lokal online serta visdeo kegiatan yang diunggah pada web-Fakultas Pertanian Undana

Conformal linear gravity in de Sitter space II

From the group theoretical point of view, it is proved that the theory of linear conformal gravity should be written in terms of a tensor field of rank-3 and mixed symmetry [Binegar, et al, Phys. Rev. D 27, (1983) 2249]. We obtained such a field equation in de Sitter space [Takook, et al, J. Math. Phys. 51, (2010) 032503]. In this paper, a proper solution to this equation is obtained as a product of a generalized polarization tensor and a massless scalar field and then the conformally invariant two-point function is calculated. This two-point function is de Sitter invariant and free of any pathological large-distance behavior.Comment: 16 pages, no figure, published versio

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2•72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2•66–2•79) in 2000 to 2•31 (2•17–2•46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134•5 million (131•5–137•8) in 2000 to a peak of 139•6 million (133•0–146•9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135•3 million (127•2–144•1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2•1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27•1% (95% UI 26•4–27•8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67•2 years (95% UI 66•8–67•6) in 2000 to 73•5 years (72•8–74•3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50•7 million (49•5–51•9) in 2000 to 56•5 million (53•7–59•2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9•6 million (9•1–10•3) in 2000 to 5•0 million (4•3–6•0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25•7%, from 6•2 billion (6•0–6•3) in 2000 to 7•7 billion (7•5–8•0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58•6 years (56•1–60•8) in 2000 to 63•5 years (60•8–66•1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk�outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk�outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk�outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95 uncertainty interval UI 9·51�12·1) deaths (19·2% 16·9�21·3 of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12�9·31) deaths (15·4% 14·6�16·2 of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253�350) DALYs (11·6% 10·3�13·1 of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0�9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10�24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25�49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50�74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Um pouco de história, desenvolvimentos recentes e perspectivas para a pesquisa em atividade física e saúde no Brasil A short history, recent developments, and perspectives for research in physical activity and health in Brazil

As grandes transformações mundiais das últimas décadas provocaram mudanças sociais e na saúde, individual e coletiva, jamais imaginadas. O perfil dos problemas de saúde atuais faz com que a promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis (e ativos fisicamente) seja valorizada e colocada como uma das prioridades em saúde pública no planeta. A Educação Física Brasileira está atenta a essas evoluções nas ciências e nas práticas que envolvem a atividade física relacionada à saúde, e precisa responder aos anseios da sociedade em termos de formação profissional competente e produção científica de qualidade nesta área. Este artigo discute desenvolvimentos recentes e perspectivas na pesquisa em atividade física e saúde, com repercussões para a Educação Física no Brasil.<br>The tremendous modifications observed in the world during the past few decades caused unthinkable changes in social and health (both individual and collective). Current health problems turned lifestyle characteristics as public health matter all over the world, specially the promotion of healthy (and active lifestyles). The area of Physical Education in Brazil is aware of that global movement related to the promotion of health enhancing physical activity, and needs to respond to the society's needs in terms of professional preparation, and quality research in this area. This paper discusses recent developments and perspectives for physical activity and health research, and it's consequences for Physical Education in Brazil

Prevalência e fatores associados a níveis insuficientes de atividade física em jovens estudantes de duas cidades Brasileiras: últimos sete dias e semana típica ou normal Prevalence and associated factors to insufficient level physical activity and in youth from two city of Brazil: last seven days or typical week

Este estudo comparou as prevalências de níveis insuficientes de atividade física e fatores associados determinados a partir da medida das atividades físicas praticadas nos últimos sete dias e durante uma semana típica ou normal. Trata-se de uma análise transversal dos dados de base ("baseline data") de uma intervenção escolar randomizada (Projeto Saúde na Boa), que incluiu 2.096 jovens (15-24 anos; 55,6% do sexo feminino), de 20 escolas públicas (10 em Florianópolis e 10 em Recife), pareadas por tamanho e localização geográfica. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário previamente validado. Foram classificados como "insuficientemente ativos" os sujeitos que não atingiram dose recomendada de prática de atividades físicas (> 60 minutos diários de atividades físicas de intensidade moderada a vigorosa, > 5dias/semana). A medida de atividade física foi efetuada considerando dois períodos de referência: os últimos sete dias e uma semana típica ou normal. A medida das atividades físicas praticadas considerando a referência dos últimos sete dias resultou em prevalência mais elevada de níveis insuficientes de atividade física em comparação à medida considerando a referência da semana típica ou normal (60,8% vs. 54,6%; p < 0,001). Independentemente do período de referência da medida de atividade física, foram identificados os mesmos fatores associados a níveis insuficientes de atividade física, com uma discreta variação na magnitude das medidas de associação desse desfecho com os fatores analisados. Utilizar os últimos sete dias ou uma semana típica como referência para mensurar as atividades físicas parece produzir prevalências de níveis insuficientes de atividade física diferentes, mas fatores associados semelhantes.<br>This study compared the prevalence rates of insufficient physical activity levels and of certain related factors determined for using physical activity measure during in the past seven days, and in a typical week. This is a cross-sectional analysis (baseline data) of a school-based randomized trial (the Saude na Boa project), including 2,096 students (15-24 years of age; 55.6% females) from 10 schools in Florianopolis and 10 schools in Recife, pair-matched by size and location. Data were collected by a previously validated questionnaire. Individuals who reported performing moderate to vigorous intensity physical activities lasting > 60 minutes, > 5 days per week were classified as "active" and the remainders of the sample were classified as "insufficiently active". This classification was performed on the basis of the activity performed during two reference periods: last seven days and typical week. The measure of the physical activities considering the period reference of last the seven days resulted in higher prevalence of insufficient levels of physical activity in comparison to the measure considering the reference of typical week (60.8% vs. 54.6%; p < 0.001). The factors associated with and insufficient level of physical activity, and the magnitudes of the measures of association were similar for two reference periods. Independent of the reference period adopted for recall the physical activities, the insufficient levels of physical activity had been identified to the same associated factors, with a little variation in the magnitude of the measures of association. To use past seven days or typical week as reference period to measure the levels of physical activity seems to generate different prevalence of insufficient levels of physical activity, but same associated factors

Aspectos motivacionais em programas de mudança de comportamento alimentar Motivational aspects in programs of nutritional behavior changes

Este trabalho procurou reunir as informações concernentes às questões da adesão e motivação de indivíduos em programas de intervenção alimentar que visam à mudança do comportamento. Foram considerados os artigos publicados a partir de 1990, abordando inicialmente uma definição de termos sobre complacência, aderência, motivação, manutenção, recaída e lapso, palavras comumente utilizadas nos estudos sobre mudanças de comportamento. O tema fatores que interferem nas escolhas alimentares e na aderência à dieta trata genericamente, dos aspectos que determinam os hábitos e as preferências alimentares e tece considerações sobre as questões que permeiam a relação profissional-paciente. A seguir foram abordadas as principais teorias motivacionais que fundamentam os programas de intervenção alimentar e algumas considerações sobre a aplicação destas teorias num programa de intervenção nutricional. O "estado da arte" dos programas de intervenção nutricional que visam à mudança do comportamento alimentar, apresentado nas publicações relatadas, aponta para a necessidade da utilização e integração dos modelos da teoria social cognitiva e treinamento profissional para aquisição de habilidades técnicas para motivar as pessoas na realização das mudanças desejáveis.<br>This article is a review of the most recent publications related to the motivation and adherence factors in nutritional intervention programs directed toward behavioral changes. The review included papers published since 1990. The initial part of the article presents the definitions of several terms commonly associated with researches on the behavioral change area, such as adherence, complacence, motivation, maintenance and relapse. Afterwards, the authors present information related to the factors that have been found to interfere in food choices and those that may determine the nutricional habits. The patient - professional relationship is also analysed. The following section reviews the main theories of motivation, which justify the intervention programs designed to change nutritional behavior. There seems to be a trend in the literature toward nutritional intervention programs that integrate the Social Cognitive Theory model and the professional training to acquire the needed skills to motivate people to promote the desired behavioral changes

O esporte e o ensino médio: a visão dos professores de educação física da rede pública

O presente trabalho investigou a visão que o professor de Educação Física, que atua no Ensino Médio, tem sobre a aplicação do esporte em suas aulas na escola. Buscamos identificar qual a concepção atribuída ao esporte e à competição, bem como verificar qual o sentido da prática esportiva nesse contexto. Numa pesquisa do tipo qualitativa foram coletadas informações a partir de uma ficha diagnóstica das escolas, além de uma entrevista semiestruturada com esses profissionais. Uma pergunta geradora norteava a investigação: Como você vê a relação Esporte/Educação Física? As respostas obtidas foram interpretadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo, BARDIN (2004). O estudo consta de duas etapas, na primeira está uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as questões que permeiam a prática esportiva na Educação Física escolar no Ensino Médio e, na segunda, o desenvolvimento metodológico dessa pesquisa. Os resultados apresentados apontam o esporte relacionado aos seguintes temas: esporte e educação, que declara uma falta de compromisso por parte dos docentes; esporte e saúde, que se configura com equívocos conceituais; esporte e competição, que demonstra uma ênfase na prática seletiva; esporte como um aspecto cultural, visto como fundamental na contribuição à cultura da sociedade; esporte na perspectiva das modalidades tradicionais, definido como únicas perspectivas de prática pedagógica, esporte e inclusão, que revela a predominância das atividades exclusivas aos mais hábeis.This study investigated the view that the physical education teacher, who works in high school, has about the application of sport in their classes at school. We sought to identify which design attributed to sport and competition as well as verify the meaning of sports in this context. In a qualitative study, information was collected from a diagnostic form of schools, and a semistructured interview with these professionals. A general question guided the research: How do you see the relation Sports / Physical Education? The answers were interpreted using the technique of content analysis, BARDIN (2004). The study consists of two steps, first is a literature review on the issues that permeate sports in high school physical education and in the second, the methodological development of this research. These results suggest the sport due to the following themes: sport and education, declaring a lack of commitment by teachers, sports and health, which is configured with conceptual errors; sport and competition, which demonstrates a selective emphasis on practice, sport as a cultural aspect, seen as vital in contributing to society's culture, sport in the perspective of traditional methods, defined as unique perspectives in pedagogical practice sport and inclusion that reveals the predominance of exclusive activities to more skilled