Comparação da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal vs. palpação estimou a medida realizada com um manômetro

La presión que ejerce el manguito del tubo orotraqueal (TOT) sobre la mucosa al ser insuflado debe mantenerse en un rango de seguridad que evite complicaciones por sobreinflación o por desinsuflación. En nuestro medio, los instrumentos de medición objetiva no son de uso común. Objetivo: evaluar la concordancia de la presión del manguito del TOT estimada por palpación frente al uso de un manómetro manual en pacientes adultos sometidos a anestesia general. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 40 pacientes, a quienes, una vez intubados, dos anestesiólogos enmascarados, diferentes al que los intubó, palparon el manguito del TOT categorizándolo como sobreinflado, normal o desinflado; posteriormente, uno de los investigadores registró la medida con un manómetro en fase inspiratoria y espiratoria. Se consideró como rango normal de 20 a 30 cm H2O. Resultados: la concordancia de la estimación por palpación entre los dos anestesiólogos fue débil (Kappa = 0,21, ES: 0,11). La concordancia entre la estimación por palpación y la medición con el manómetro manual fue muy débil. Entre el primer anestesiólogo y el investigador en fase inspiratoria, . 0,08 (ES: 0,09), y en espiración, . 0,08 (ES: 0,07). Entre el segundo anestesiólogo y el investigador, . 0,05 (ES: 0,07) y 0,02 (ES: 0,06), respectivamente. Conclusión: el estudio muestra que la concordancia entre los métodos subjetivo y objetivo para determinar si el manguito del TOT está adecuadamente inflado fue débil. Se sugiere el empleo de métodos más objetivos para su determinación.The pressure exerted by the cuff of endotracheal tube (ETT) on the mucosa to be blown, should be kept in a safe range to avoid complications by on inflation or deflation. In our context, the objective measurement instruments are not commonly used. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between ETT cuff pressure estimated by palpation, and that obtained with a manual gauge in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Materials and methods: It was performed a cross-sectional study by obtaining the sample of adult patients undergoing general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation. We included forty patients who were intubated and then two blind anesthesiologists, other than the one who intubated, estimated insufflation of ETT cuff by palpation categorizing as over-inflated, normal or deflated. One of the observers subsequently, carried out the measurement of pressure with a manometer, both in inspiration and expiration. It was considered as normal pressure range 20 to 30 cm H2O. Results: The correlation of the estimation by palpation between the two anesthesiologists was weak (Kappa = 0.21, ES: 0.11). The correlation of the estimation by palpation and measurement with manual gauge was very weak. Between the first anesthesiologist and observers, in inspiration the . was 0.08 (ES: 0.09), in expiration was 0.08 (ES: 0.07), also between the second anesthesiologist and the observers, . 0.05 (ES: 0.07) and 0.02 (ES: 0.06) respectively. Conclusion: The study shows that the correlation between subjective and objective methods to determine if the cuff of ETT is properly inflated was weak. It suggests the use of more objective methods for its determination.A pressão que exerce o manguito do tubo orotraqueal (TOT) sobre a mucosa ao ser insuflado deve manter-se em um rango de segurança que evite complicações por sobre inflação ou por desinsuflação. Em nosso meio, os instrumentos de medição objetiva não são de uso comum. Objetivo: avaliar a concordância da pressão do manguito do TOT estimada por palpação versus o uso de um manômetro manual, em pacientes adultos submetidos à anestesia geral. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 40 pacientes aos quais, uma vez intubados, dois anestesiologistas mascarados, diferentes ao que intubou, palparam o manguito do TOT categorizando-lhe como super-inflado, normal ou desinflado, posteriormente um dos pesquisadores registrou a medida com um manômetro em fase inspiratória e expiratória. Considerou-se como rango normal de 20 a 30 cmH2O. Resultados: a concordância da estimação por palpação entre os dois anestesiologistas foi fraca (kappa = 0.21, ES: 0.11). A concordância entre a Comparación de la presión del manguito del tubo orotraqueal estimada por palpación frente a la medición tomada con un manómetro estimação por palpação e s medição com o manômetro manual foi muito fraca. Entre o primeiro anestesiologista e o pesquisador em fase inspiratória, . 0.08 (ES: 0.09) e em expiratória, . 0.08 (ES: 0.07). Entre o segundo anestesiologista e o pesquisador . 0.05 (ES: 0.07) y 0.02 (ES: 0.06) respectivamente. Conclusão: o estudo mostra que a concordância entre os métodos subjetivo e objetivo para determinar se o manguito do TOT está adequadamente inflado foi fraco. Sugere-se o emprego de métodos mais objetivos para sua determinação

Brucellosis Vaccines: Assessment of Brucella melitensis Lipopolysaccharide Rough Mutants Defective in Core and O-Polysaccharide Synthesis and Export

Background: The brucellae are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis, one of the major neglected zoonoses. In endemic areas, vaccination is the only effective way to control this disease. Brucella melitensis Rev 1 is a vaccine effective against the brucellosis of sheep and goat caused by B. melitensis, the commonest source of human infection. However, Rev 1 carries a smooth lipopolysaccharide with an O-polysaccharide that elicits antibodies interfering in serodiagnosis, a major problem in eradication campaigns. Because of this, rough Brucella mutants lacking the O-polysaccharide have been proposed as vaccines. Methodology/Principal Findings: To examine the possibilities of rough vaccines, we screened B. melitensis for lipopolysaccharide genes and obtained mutants representing all main rough phenotypes with regard to core oligosaccharide and O-polysaccharide synthesis and export. Using the mouse model, mutants were classified into four attenuation patterns according to their multiplication and persistence in spleens at different doses. In macrophages, mutants belonging to three of these attenuation patterns reached the Brucella characteristic intracellular niche and multiplied intracellularly, suggesting that they could be suitable vaccine candidates. Virulence patterns, intracellular behavior and lipopolysaccharide defects roughly correlated with the degree of protection afforded by the mutants upon intraperitoneal vaccination of mice. However, when vaccination was applied by the subcutaneous route, only two mutants matched the protection obtained with Rev 1 albeit at doses one thousand fold higher than this reference vaccine. These mutants, which were blocked in O-polysaccharide export and accumulated internal O-polysaccharides, stimulated weak anti-smooth lipopolysaccharide antibodies. Conclusions/Significance: The results demonstrate that no rough mutant is equal to Rev 1 in laboratory models and question the notion that rough vaccines are suitable for the control of brucellosis in endemic areas.This work was funded by the European Commission (Research Contract QLK2-CT-2002-00918) and the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología of Spain (Proyecto AGL2004-01162/GAN)

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: an individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies

Background: Estimates of the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rely on relative risks (RRs) from non-LAC countries. Whether these RRs apply to LAC remains un- known. Methods: We pooled LAC cohorts. We estimated RRs per unit of exposure to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL cholesterol on fatal (31 cohorts, n = 168,287) and non-fatal (13 cohorts, n = 27,554) cardiovascular diseases, adjusting for regression dilution bias. We used these RRs and national data on mean risk factor levels to estimate the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to non-optimal levels of each risk factor. Results: Our RRs for SBP, FPG and TC were like those observed in cohorts conducted in high-income countries; however, for BMI, our RRs were consistently smaller in people below 75 years of age. Across risk factors, we observed smaller RRs among older ages. Non-optimal SBP was responsible for the largest number of attributable cardiovascular deaths ranging from 38 per 10 0,0 0 0 women and 54 men in Peru, to 261 (Dominica, women) and 282 (Guyana, men). For non-HDL cholesterol, the lowest attributable rate was for women in Peru (21) and men in Guatemala (25), and the largest in men (158) and women (142) from Guyana. Interpretation: RRs for BMI from studies conducted in high-income countries may overestimate disease burden metrics in LAC; conversely, RRs for SBP, FPG and TC from LAC cohorts are similar to those esti- mated from cohorts in high-income countries

Comparação da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal vs. palpação estimou a medida realizada com um manômetro

La presión que ejerce el manguito del tubo orotraqueal (TOT) sobre la mucosa al ser insuflado debe mantenerse en un rango de seguridad que evite complicaciones por sobreinflación o por desinsuflación. En nuestro medio, los instrumentos de medición objetiva no son de uso común. Objetivo: evaluar la concordancia de la presión del manguito del TOT estimada por palpación frente al uso de un manómetro manual en pacientes adultos sometidos a anestesia general. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 40 pacientes, a quienes, una vez intubados, dos anestesiólogos enmascarados, diferentes al que los intubó, palparon el manguito del TOT categorizándolo como sobreinflado, normal o desinflado; posteriormente, uno de los investigadores registró la medida con un manómetro en fase inspiratoria y espiratoria. Se consideró como rango normal de 20 a 30 cm H2O. Resultados: la concordancia de la estimación por palpación entre los dos anestesiólogos fue débil (Kappa = 0,21, ES: 0,11). La concordancia entre la estimación por palpación y la medición con el manómetro manual fue muy débil. Entre el primer anestesiólogo y el investigador en fase inspiratoria, . 0,08 (ES: 0,09), y en espiración, . 0,08 (ES: 0,07). Entre el segundo anestesiólogo y el investigador, . 0,05 (ES: 0,07) y 0,02 (ES: 0,06), respectivamente. Conclusión: el estudio muestra que la concordancia entre los métodos subjetivo y objetivo para determinar si el manguito del TOT está adecuadamente inflado fue débil. Se sugiere el empleo de métodos más objetivos para su determinación.The pressure exerted by the cuff of endotracheal tube (ETT) on the mucosa to be blown, should be kept in a safe range to avoid complications by on inflation or deflation. In our context, the objective measurement instruments are not commonly used. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between ETT cuff pressure estimated by palpation, and that obtained with a manual gauge in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Materials and methods: It was performed a cross-sectional study by obtaining the sample of adult patients undergoing general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation. We included forty patients who were intubated and then two blind anesthesiologists, other than the one who intubated, estimated insufflation of ETT cuff by palpation categorizing as over-inflated, normal or deflated. One of the observers subsequently, carried out the measurement of pressure with a manometer, both in inspiration and expiration. It was considered as normal pressure range 20 to 30 cm H2O. Results: The correlation of the estimation by palpation between the two anesthesiologists was weak (Kappa = 0.21, ES: 0.11). The correlation of the estimation by palpation and measurement with manual gauge was very weak. Between the first anesthesiologist and observers, in inspiration the . was 0.08 (ES: 0.09), in expiration was 0.08 (ES: 0.07), also between the second anesthesiologist and the observers, . 0.05 (ES: 0.07) and 0.02 (ES: 0.06) respectively. Conclusion: The study shows that the correlation between subjective and objective methods to determine if the cuff of ETT is properly inflated was weak. It suggests the use of more objective methods for its determination.A pressão que exerce o manguito do tubo orotraqueal (TOT) sobre a mucosa ao ser insuflado deve manter-se em um rango de segurança que evite complicações por sobre inflação ou por desinsuflação. Em nosso meio, os instrumentos de medição objetiva não são de uso comum. Objetivo: avaliar a concordância da pressão do manguito do TOT estimada por palpação versus o uso de um manômetro manual, em pacientes adultos submetidos à anestesia geral. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 40 pacientes aos quais, uma vez intubados, dois anestesiologistas mascarados, diferentes ao que intubou, palparam o manguito do TOT categorizando-lhe como super-inflado, normal ou desinflado, posteriormente um dos pesquisadores registrou a medida com um manômetro em fase inspiratória e expiratória. Considerou-se como rango normal de 20 a 30 cmH2O. Resultados: a concordância da estimação por palpação entre os dois anestesiologistas foi fraca (kappa = 0.21, ES: 0.11). A concordância entre a Comparación de la presión del manguito del tubo orotraqueal estimada por palpación frente a la medición tomada con un manómetro estimação por palpação e s medição com o manômetro manual foi muito fraca. Entre o primeiro anestesiologista e o pesquisador em fase inspiratória, . 0.08 (ES: 0.09) e em expiratória, . 0.08 (ES: 0.07). Entre o segundo anestesiologista e o pesquisador . 0.05 (ES: 0.07) y 0.02 (ES: 0.06) respectivamente. Conclusão: o estudo mostra que a concordância entre os métodos subjetivo e objetivo para determinar se o manguito do TOT está adequadamente inflado foi fraco. Sugere-se o emprego de métodos mais objetivos para sua determinação

Comparação da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal vs. palpação estimou a medida realizada com um manômetro

La presión que ejerce el manguito del tubo orotraqueal (TOT) sobre la mucosa al ser insuflado debe mantenerse en un rango de seguridad que evite complicaciones por sobreinflación o por desinsuflación. En nuestro medio, los instrumentos de medición objetiva no son de uso común. Objetivo: evaluar la concordancia de la presión del manguito del TOT estimada por palpación frente al uso de un manómetro manual en pacientes adultos sometidos a anestesia general. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 40 pacientes, a quienes, una vez intubados, dos anestesiólogos enmascarados, diferentes al que los intubó, palparon el manguito del TOT categorizándolo como sobreinflado, normal o desinflado; posteriormente, uno de los investigadores registró la medida con un manómetro en fase inspiratoria y espiratoria. Se consideró como rango normal de 20 a 30 cm H2O. Resultados: la concordancia de la estimación por palpación entre los dos anestesiólogos fue débil (Kappa = 0,21, ES: 0,11). La concordancia entre la estimación por palpación y la medición con el manómetro manual fue muy débil. Entre el primer anestesiólogo y el investigador en fase inspiratoria, . 0,08 (ES: 0,09), y en espiración, . 0,08 (ES: 0,07). Entre el segundo anestesiólogo y el investigador, . 0,05 (ES: 0,07) y 0,02 (ES: 0,06), respectivamente. Conclusión: el estudio muestra que la concordancia entre los métodos subjetivo y objetivo para determinar si el manguito del TOT está adecuadamente inflado fue débil. Se sugiere el empleo de métodos más objetivos para su determinación.The pressure exerted by the cuff of endotracheal tube (ETT) on the mucosa to be blown, should be kept in a safe range to avoid complications by on inflation or deflation. In our context, the objective measurement instruments are not commonly used. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between ETT cuff pressure estimated by palpation, and that obtained with a manual gauge in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Materials and methods: It was performed a cross-sectional study by obtaining the sample of adult patients undergoing general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation. We included forty patients who were intubated and then two blind anesthesiologists, other than the one who intubated, estimated insufflation of ETT cuff by palpation categorizing as over-inflated, normal or deflated. One of the observers subsequently, carried out the measurement of pressure with a manometer, both in inspiration and expiration. It was considered as normal pressure range 20 to 30 cm H2O. Results: The correlation of the estimation by palpation between the two anesthesiologists was weak (Kappa = 0.21, ES: 0.11). The correlation of the estimation by palpation and measurement with manual gauge was very weak. Between the first anesthesiologist and observers, in inspiration the . was 0.08 (ES: 0.09), in expiration was 0.08 (ES: 0.07), also between the second anesthesiologist and the observers, . 0.05 (ES: 0.07) and 0.02 (ES: 0.06) respectively. Conclusion: The study shows that the correlation between subjective and objective methods to determine if the cuff of ETT is properly inflated was weak. It suggests the use of more objective methods for its determination.A pressão que exerce o manguito do tubo orotraqueal (TOT) sobre a mucosa ao ser insuflado deve manter-se em um rango de segurança que evite complicações por sobre inflação ou por desinsuflação. Em nosso meio, os instrumentos de medição objetiva não são de uso comum. Objetivo: avaliar a concordância da pressão do manguito do TOT estimada por palpação versus o uso de um manômetro manual, em pacientes adultos submetidos à anestesia geral. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 40 pacientes aos quais, uma vez intubados, dois anestesiologistas mascarados, diferentes ao que intubou, palparam o manguito do TOT categorizando-lhe como super-inflado, normal ou desinflado, posteriormente um dos pesquisadores registrou a medida com um manômetro em fase inspiratória e expiratória. Considerou-se como rango normal de 20 a 30 cmH2O. Resultados: a concordância da estimação por palpação entre os dois anestesiologistas foi fraca (kappa = 0.21, ES: 0.11). A concordância entre a Comparación de la presión del manguito del tubo orotraqueal estimada por palpación frente a la medición tomada con un manómetro estimação por palpação e s medição com o manômetro manual foi muito fraca. Entre o primeiro anestesiologista e o pesquisador em fase inspiratória, . 0.08 (ES: 0.09) e em expiratória, . 0.08 (ES: 0.07). Entre o segundo anestesiologista e o pesquisador . 0.05 (ES: 0.07) y 0.02 (ES: 0.06) respectivamente. Conclusão: o estudo mostra que a concordância entre os métodos subjetivo e objetivo para determinar se o manguito do TOT está adequadamente inflado foi fraco. Sugere-se o emprego de métodos mais objetivos para sua determinação

Características de la gestación, del parto y recién nacido en la ciudad de Huaraz, 2001 - 2005

This is a descriptive study on the maternal population in Huaraz City at 3052 m in the central highlands of the Departament of Ancash. Objetive: to record sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant women, and conditions associated with pregnancy, delivery and newborn children. Materials and methods: cross-sectional and descriptive study based on history records from the pregnancies attended from 2001 to 2005 at the Hospital Víctor Ramos Guardia, City of Huaraz. The sample included 10 354 deliveries, at from 28 to 42 weeks of pregnancy. Results: The mean hemoglobin value was 12,84 g/dL (± 1,36). According to Ministry of Health (MINSA) guidelines which correct hemoglobin values according to altitude of residence, the prevalence of anemia was 49,67 %. Out of all mothers, 42 % were primiparas, 48% had had several pregnancies, and a low percentage of women had great multiparity. Seventy-seven percent of the women had more than 4 prenatal care visits. Seventeen percent had at least one abortion; 6,5% had a previous cesarean section. Among complications during pregnancy, preeclampsia was observed in 5.25% of cases, urinary infections in 31,41% and twin births in 1.96% of cases. Mean birthweight was 3 051,74 g (± 550). The mean gestational age according to the last menstrual period was 38,2 ± 2,0 weeks. Incidence of pre-term deliveries was 9% and small for gestational age newborns were 16,6 %. Conclusions: characteristics of pregnancy, delivery and neborn children in Huaraz are similar to those of the central Andes and different to those observed in the southern Andes.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de la población materna de la ciudad de Huaraz, ubicada a 3052 m.s.n.m, en la sierra central, en el departamento de Ancash. Objetivo: conocer las características sociodemográficas de la gestante, y las condiciones asociadas al embarazo, parto y recién nacido. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo basado en la información de historias clínicas de gestantes atendidas en el hospital Víctor Ramos Guardia, de la ciudad de Huaraz durante los años 2001 al 2005. La muestra incluye 10354 partos ocurridos entre las 28 y 42 semanas de gestación. Resultados: el nivel de hemoglobina fue de 12,84 gr/dl (± 1,36). De acuerdo a los parámetros señalados por el MINSA para ciudades a diferentes altura, la prevalencia de anemia fue del 49,67 %. Del total de madres atendidas, el 42 % fueron primíparas, 48% multigestas, observándose un bajo porcentaje de gran multiparidad. En cuanto al control prenatal, un 77% de pacientes refirieron haber tenido más de 4 controles para el actual embarazo. En relación a los antecedentes obstétricos, el 17% refieren haber tenido por lo menos un aborto, 6,5% tener una cesárea previa. Entre las complicaciones del embarazo más frecuente se observó una incidencia de 5,25% para preeclampsia, 31,41% de infecciones urinarias y 1,96 % de embarazos gemelares. El peso del recién nacido fue de 3 051,74 g (± 550). La edad gestacional promedio, de acuerdo a la fecha de última regla (FUR) fue 38,2 ± 2,0 semanas. Se observa una incidencia de pre-términos de 9% y pequeños para la edad gestacional de 16,6 %. Conclusión: las caracteristicas de la gestación, del parto y del recién nacido en Huaraz son más parecidas a las observadas en los Andes centrales que en los Andes del sur

Servicio social profesional y su función en: "Recreación y libertad vigilada"

Tesis de la Escuela de Trabajo Social publicada por el Instituto Profesional de Santiago en el año 1981. Resumen: El propósito del presente trabajo de título es contribuir a la rehabilitación social de los menores en situación social irregular, en conlicto con la justicia, bajo el régimen de libertad vigilada.Ubicación: Trab.Social S491 1981 (Biblioteca Padre Felipe Gómez de Vidaurre #1550, Santiago