P2_2 Attenborough Pyrotechnics.

In this paper we discuss the requirements of a firework, launched from the Attenborough Tower on The University of Leicester Campus, which would be capable of being viewed from any location in England. We calculated that the firework would need to reach a height of 14.3km, requiring 7.79g of gunpowder. The intensity of the explosion seen at the maximum distance from the Tower (Land’s End) would be 8.07×10−13W/m2, which we found could be produced by 1.1mg of Barium

P2_3 Killing Two Birds with One Stone

The famous idiom ‘to kill two birds with one stone’ is often used throughout everyday life to describe achieving two things with only one action. We are considering the physical scenario in which this phrase could be possible. We found that a stone thrown at a velocity of 18.95 ms-1 and 54.7◦ to the horizontal would kill a hummingbird, and from here found that the falling stone would kill a second hummingbird positioned 5.33 m away at an angle of 15.23◦ SE with respect to the first bird

P2_7 Leaning Tower of London

In this paper, we calculate the maximum angle that Elizabeth Tower could lean before toppling over, which was found to be 7.13◦. We also find the length of time it would take for this to happen as approximately 4380 years, and the minimum force that would be needed if one were to push the tower until it fell. The force needed to push the tower until it toppled was found to be 35.0×106 N if applied perpendicular to the tower, or a minimum force of 34.8×106 N when applied most effectively

P2_8 Charybdis Vs. The Argonauts

The Greek Hero Jason, while sailing on the Argo to fetch the Golden Fleece, encounters a sea creature which sucks in the ocean, creating a huge whirlpool. This paper finds the intital buoyancy force of the Argo and compares this to the centripetal force exerted on the Argo by the whirlpool, which were found to be 5690000 N and 101000 N respectively. We also calculated the pressure gradient throughout the radius of the whirlpool to be 12100 Pa, and its rotational velocity to be 0.61 rad s-1

P2_1 I Need a Day Between Saturday and Sunday

In this paper, we investigate the changes that would need to be applied to the Earth’s orbit to create a three-day weekend. We have approached this by extending the distance between the Earth and the Sun, creating a longer year with more days whilst keeping the length of days the same. We have then calculated the orbital radius of the moon around the Earth at the time of an 8-day week, millions of years ago, to compare the moons current orbital radius we see today

P2_4 Thinking Bee

In this paper, we calculate the number of bees needed to carry a powerless plane from cruising altitude to the airport after a technical fault as seen in the film Bee Movie, as well as finding the number of bees needed on the airport tarmac showing the pilot where to land. These values were found to be 5.3×10^9 bees and 4.2 million bees respectively

P2_9 Torque About a Cliffhanger

In this paper we attempt to calculate the amount of overhang of the coach in the final scene of ’The Italian Job’, after it skids to a stop over the edge of a cliff, and found the value to be 3.7 m. We also found a relation between the speed at which the amount of tilt of the coach will change, and the distance moved by a man initially at one end of the coach generating a non-zero torque

P2_5 Jack and the Decompression Sickness

In this paper, we calculate the volume of supplemental oxygen that Jack would need to climb the entire height of the beanstalk in the classic fairy-tale, Jack and the Beanstalk. We also find the pressure of the air at the beanstalk peak and compare this to the pressure at sea-level. These values were found to be 1880 litres and 0.365 Pa respectively

Health disparities across the counties of Kenya and implications for policy makers, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND:The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 provided comprehensive estimates of health loss globally. Decision makers in Kenya can use GBD subnational data to target health interventions and address county-level variation in the burden of disease. METHODS:We used GBD 2016 estimates of life expectancy at birth, healthy life expectancy, all-cause and cause-specific mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years, and risk factors to analyse health by age and sex at the national and county levels in Kenya from 1990 to 2016. FINDINGS:The national all-cause mortality rate decreased from 850·3 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 829·8-871·1) deaths per 100 000 in 1990 to 579·0 (562·1-596·0) deaths per 100 000 in 2016. Under-5 mortality declined from 95·4 (95% UI 90·1-101·3) deaths per 1000 livebirths in 1990 to 43·4 (36·9-51·2) deaths per 1000 livebirths in 2016, and maternal mortality fell from 315·7 (242·9-399·4) deaths per 100 000 in 1990 to 257·6 (195·1-335·3) deaths per 100 000 in 2016, with steeper declines after 2006 and heterogeneously across counties. Life expectancy at birth increased by 5·4 (95% UI 3·7-7·2) years, with higher gains in females than males in all but ten counties. Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing, unsafe sex, and malnutrition were the leading national risk factors in 2016. INTERPRETATION:Health outcomes have improved in Kenya since 2006. The burden of communicable diseases decreased but continues to predominate the total disease burden in 2016, whereas the non-communicable disease burden increased. Health gains varied strikingly across counties, indicating targeted approaches for health policy are necessary. FUNDING:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation