344 research outputs found
IMUNOHISTOKEMIJSKA IZRAŽENOST PROTEINA BORIS U TUMORIMA ZAMETNIH STANICA TESTISA
Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS) has a role in intracellular signalization and is important in epigenetic mechanism control, such as methylation/demethylation of DNA and histones. BORIS may deregulate some tumor suppressor genes. Immunohistochemical expression of BORIS was found in different tumors, some of them showing correlation with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in pure seminomas and different components of testicular mixed germ cell tumors (MGCT). In this study, immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) was analyzed. Staining intensity and percentage of positive staining cells were used to evaluate the level of expression. Tumor samples from 44 patients were analyzed; 26 pure seminomas and 18 MGCT. In MGCTs, seminoma component was found in 4, yolk sac in 7, teratoma in 11 and embryonal carcinoma in 13 samples. Expression of BORIS was strong in 80.8% of seminoma cases and in 76.9% of embryonal carcinoma component, 71.4% of yolk sac, 63.6% of teratoma component and 25% of seminomatous component of MGCT. In MGCT, positive correlation was found between BORIS expression in teratomatous component and presence of yolk sac component (BORIS (engl. Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites) sudjeluje u unutarstaniÄnoj signalizaciji i kontrolira epigenetske mehanizme kao Å”to su metilacija/demetilacija DNK i histona. Aktivacija BORIS-a dovodi do poremeÄaja odreÄenih tumorskih supresora. Imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a utvrÄena je u razliÄitim tumorima. U nekim tumorima naÄena je korelacija s loÅ”ijom prognozom. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi imunohistokemijsku izraženost BORIS-a u Äistim seminomima i razliÄitim komponentama mijeÅ”anih tumora zametnih stanica testisa (engl. mixed germ cell tumors, MGCT). Materijal i metode: Analizirana je imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a u tumorima zametnih stanica testisa (engl. testicular germ cell tumors, TGCT), a intenzitet bojenja i postotak reaktivnih stanica koriÅ”ten je za evaluaciju razine ekspresije. Analizirani su uzorci tumora 44 bolesnika; 26 Äistih seminoma i 18 MGCT. Kod MGCT-a komponenta seminoma naÄena je u 4, yolk sac-a u 7, teratoma u 11 te embrionalnog karcinoma u 13 uzoraka tumora. Rezultati: Imunohistokemijska izraženost bila je jaka kod 80,8% Äistih seminoma te kod 76,9% komponente embrionalnog karcinoma, 71,4% yolk sac-a, 63,6% teratoma i 25% seminomske komponente MGCT-a. Dobivena je pozitivna korelacija izraženosti BORIS-a teratomske komponente i prisutnosti komponente yolc sac
IMUNOHISTOKEMIJSKA IZRAŽENOST PROTEINA BORIS U TUMORIMA ZAMETNIH STANICA TESTISA
Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS) has a role in intracellular signalization and is important in epigenetic mechanism control, such as methylation/demethylation of DNA and histones. BORIS may deregulate some tumor suppressor genes. Immunohistochemical expression of BORIS was found in different tumors, some of them showing correlation with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in pure seminomas and different components of testicular mixed germ cell tumors (MGCT). In this study, immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) was analyzed. Staining intensity and percentage of positive staining cells were used to evaluate the level of expression. Tumor samples from 44 patients were analyzed; 26 pure seminomas and 18 MGCT. In MGCTs, seminoma component was found in 4, yolk sac in 7, teratoma in 11 and embryonal carcinoma in 13 samples. Expression of BORIS was strong in 80.8% of seminoma cases and in 76.9% of embryonal carcinoma component, 71.4% of yolk sac, 63.6% of teratoma component and 25% of seminomatous component of MGCT. In MGCT, positive correlation was found between BORIS expression in teratomatous component and presence of yolk sac component (BORIS (engl. Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites) sudjeluje u unutarstaniÄnoj signalizaciji i kontrolira epigenetske mehanizme kao Å”to su metilacija/demetilacija DNK i histona. Aktivacija BORIS-a dovodi do poremeÄaja odreÄenih tumorskih supresora. Imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a utvrÄena je u razliÄitim tumorima. U nekim tumorima naÄena je korelacija s loÅ”ijom prognozom. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi imunohistokemijsku izraženost BORIS-a u Äistim seminomima i razliÄitim komponentama mijeÅ”anih tumora zametnih stanica testisa (engl. mixed germ cell tumors, MGCT). Materijal i metode: Analizirana je imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a u tumorima zametnih stanica testisa (engl. testicular germ cell tumors, TGCT), a intenzitet bojenja i postotak reaktivnih stanica koriÅ”ten je za evaluaciju razine ekspresije. Analizirani su uzorci tumora 44 bolesnika; 26 Äistih seminoma i 18 MGCT. Kod MGCT-a komponenta seminoma naÄena je u 4, yolk sac-a u 7, teratoma u 11 te embrionalnog karcinoma u 13 uzoraka tumora. Rezultati: Imunohistokemijska izraženost bila je jaka kod 80,8% Äistih seminoma te kod 76,9% komponente embrionalnog karcinoma, 71,4% yolk sac-a, 63,6% teratoma i 25% seminomske komponente MGCT-a. Dobivena je pozitivna korelacija izraženosti BORIS-a teratomske komponente i prisutnosti komponente yolc sac
Primjene vjerojatnosne metode na deterministiÄke igre
U ovom radu je obraÄena takozvana vjerojatnosna metoda, s naglaskom na njezine primjene u analizi deterministiÄkih igara. Obzirom da je sama metoda nekonstruktivna, izložen je i proces derandomizacije, koji producira uÄinkovite algoritme. U radu su opisane dvije najÄeÅ”Äe koriÅ”tene metode u procesu derandomizacije - metoda uvjetnih vjerojatnosti i metoda pesimistiÄnih procjenitelja. Potom su na primjerima triju deterministiÄkih igara za dva igraÄa provedeni postupci randomizacije, derandomizacije i antirandomizacije, s ciljem pronalaska savrÅ”enih pobjedniÄkih strategija za igraÄe, uz odgovarajuÄe vrijednosti danih parametara. Na kraju rada izloženi su konkretni primjeri strategija za igru lažova u svrhu približavanja i ilustracije prethodno dobivenih opÄenitih rezultata.This thesis deals with the so-called probabilistic method, with emphasis on applications to the analysis of deterministic games. Since the method itself is nonconstructive, the process of derandomization which produces efficient algorithms is also presented. This thesis describes the two most commonly used methods in the process of derandomization ā the method of conditional probabilities and the method of pessimistic estimators. Furthermore, the procedures of randomization, derandomization, and antirandomization were carried out on the examples of three deterministic games for two players, aimed at finding the perfect winning strategies for the players, depending on the corresponding values of the given parameters. At the end of the thesis concrete examples of strategies for the Liar game are give
Primjene vjerojatnosne metode na deterministiÄke igre
U ovom radu je obraÄena takozvana vjerojatnosna metoda, s naglaskom na njezine primjene u analizi deterministiÄkih igara. Obzirom da je sama metoda nekonstruktivna, izložen je i proces derandomizacije, koji producira uÄinkovite algoritme. U radu su opisane dvije najÄeÅ”Äe koriÅ”tene metode u procesu derandomizacije - metoda uvjetnih vjerojatnosti i metoda pesimistiÄnih procjenitelja. Potom su na primjerima triju deterministiÄkih igara za dva igraÄa provedeni postupci randomizacije, derandomizacije i antirandomizacije, s ciljem pronalaska savrÅ”enih pobjedniÄkih strategija za igraÄe, uz odgovarajuÄe vrijednosti danih parametara. Na kraju rada izloženi su konkretni primjeri strategija za igru lažova u svrhu približavanja i ilustracije prethodno dobivenih opÄenitih rezultata.This thesis deals with the so-called probabilistic method, with emphasis on applications to the analysis of deterministic games. Since the method itself is nonconstructive, the process of derandomization which produces efficient algorithms is also presented. This thesis describes the two most commonly used methods in the process of derandomization ā the method of conditional probabilities and the method of pessimistic estimators. Furthermore, the procedures of randomization, derandomization, and antirandomization were carried out on the examples of three deterministic games for two players, aimed at finding the perfect winning strategies for the players, depending on the corresponding values of the given parameters. At the end of the thesis concrete examples of strategies for the Liar game are give
Age-related macular degeneration
Senilna makularna degeneracija je vodeÄi uzrok sljepoÄe starijeg stanovniÅ”tva u razvijenim zemljama svijeta. Prvenstveno rezultira gubitkom centralnoga vida. Degenerativne promjene vezane uz oba oblika bolesti (vlažnu i suhu formu) zbivaju se u centralnom dijelu mrežnice, makuli, a toÄna etiopatogeneza joÅ” uvijek nije poznata. Suhi ili atrofiÄni oblik obilježen je abnormalnostima retinalnog pigmentnog epitela i prisutnoÅ”Äu druza. Kod vlažne ili eksudativne forme dolazi joÅ” i do stvaranja neovaskularnih membrana, eksudacije, krvarenja, i posljediÄnih fibrovaskularnih ožiljkavanja. Iako je neovaskularna forma znatno rjeÄa od suhe, taj oblik bolesti uzrokuje najveÄi postotak teÅ”kog oÅ”teÄenja vida uzrokovanog makularnom degeneracijom. Dijagnostika ukljuÄuje kompletni oftalmoloÅ”ki pregled, fotografiju fundusa, fluoresceinsku angiografiju, optiÄku koherentnu tomografiju, i druge metode. UÄinkovita terapija suhe forme ne postoji, a progresija bolesti nastoji se usporiti koriÅ”tenjem odreÄenih dodataka prehrani. Neovaskularnu formu lijeÄimo intravitrealnom primjenom anti-VEGF lijekova, fotodinamskom terapijom, i kombinacijom navedenih. Drugi modaliteti lijeÄenja su istraživani, ali nisu poluÄili velik uspjeh.Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the industrialized countries. Macular degeneration results primarily in loss of central vision. Degenerative changes associated with both forms of the disease (the dry and the wet form) occur in the central part of the retina, the macula, but the exact etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The dry or atrophic form is characterized by retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities and drusen. In addition to these, the wet or exudative form includes neovascular membrane formation, exudation, and hemorrhage, leading to fibrovascular scarring. Although the total prevalence of the neovascular form is significantly lower, wet macular degeneration accounts for the majority of cases with severe visual loss due to AMD. Diagnosis is confirmed by complete ophthalmologic evaluation and different imaging techniques, such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, etc. Although no approved therapy for dry AMD exists, some dietary supplements may help to delay disease progression. Effective therapies for exudative form include intravitreal injection of a VEGF inhibitor, photodynamic therapy, or a combination of both, in patients who fail to respond to initial anti-VEGF therapies. Other researched forms of treatment had limited success and no consistent evidence of benefit
Age-related macular degeneration
Senilna makularna degeneracija je vodeÄi uzrok sljepoÄe starijeg stanovniÅ”tva u razvijenim zemljama svijeta. Prvenstveno rezultira gubitkom centralnoga vida. Degenerativne promjene vezane uz oba oblika bolesti (vlažnu i suhu formu) zbivaju se u centralnom dijelu mrežnice, makuli, a toÄna etiopatogeneza joÅ” uvijek nije poznata. Suhi ili atrofiÄni oblik obilježen je abnormalnostima retinalnog pigmentnog epitela i prisutnoÅ”Äu druza. Kod vlažne ili eksudativne forme dolazi joÅ” i do stvaranja neovaskularnih membrana, eksudacije, krvarenja, i posljediÄnih fibrovaskularnih ožiljkavanja. Iako je neovaskularna forma znatno rjeÄa od suhe, taj oblik bolesti uzrokuje najveÄi postotak teÅ”kog oÅ”teÄenja vida uzrokovanog makularnom degeneracijom. Dijagnostika ukljuÄuje kompletni oftalmoloÅ”ki pregled, fotografiju fundusa, fluoresceinsku angiografiju, optiÄku koherentnu tomografiju, i druge metode. UÄinkovita terapija suhe forme ne postoji, a progresija bolesti nastoji se usporiti koriÅ”tenjem odreÄenih dodataka prehrani. Neovaskularnu formu lijeÄimo intravitrealnom primjenom anti-VEGF lijekova, fotodinamskom terapijom, i kombinacijom navedenih. Drugi modaliteti lijeÄenja su istraživani, ali nisu poluÄili velik uspjeh.Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the industrialized countries. Macular degeneration results primarily in loss of central vision. Degenerative changes associated with both forms of the disease (the dry and the wet form) occur in the central part of the retina, the macula, but the exact etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The dry or atrophic form is characterized by retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities and drusen. In addition to these, the wet or exudative form includes neovascular membrane formation, exudation, and hemorrhage, leading to fibrovascular scarring. Although the total prevalence of the neovascular form is significantly lower, wet macular degeneration accounts for the majority of cases with severe visual loss due to AMD. Diagnosis is confirmed by complete ophthalmologic evaluation and different imaging techniques, such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, etc. Although no approved therapy for dry AMD exists, some dietary supplements may help to delay disease progression. Effective therapies for exudative form include intravitreal injection of a VEGF inhibitor, photodynamic therapy, or a combination of both, in patients who fail to respond to initial anti-VEGF therapies. Other researched forms of treatment had limited success and no consistent evidence of benefit
Primjene vjerojatnosne metode na deterministiÄke igre
U ovom radu je obraÄena takozvana vjerojatnosna metoda, s naglaskom na njezine primjene u analizi deterministiÄkih igara. Obzirom da je sama metoda nekonstruktivna, izložen je i proces derandomizacije, koji producira uÄinkovite algoritme. U radu su opisane dvije najÄeÅ”Äe koriÅ”tene metode u procesu derandomizacije - metoda uvjetnih vjerojatnosti i metoda pesimistiÄnih procjenitelja. Potom su na primjerima triju deterministiÄkih igara za dva igraÄa provedeni postupci randomizacije, derandomizacije i antirandomizacije, s ciljem pronalaska savrÅ”enih pobjedniÄkih strategija za igraÄe, uz odgovarajuÄe vrijednosti danih parametara. Na kraju rada izloženi su konkretni primjeri strategija za igru lažova u svrhu približavanja i ilustracije prethodno dobivenih opÄenitih rezultata.This thesis deals with the so-called probabilistic method, with emphasis on applications to the analysis of deterministic games. Since the method itself is nonconstructive, the process of derandomization which produces efficient algorithms is also presented. This thesis describes the two most commonly used methods in the process of derandomization ā the method of conditional probabilities and the method of pessimistic estimators. Furthermore, the procedures of randomization, derandomization, and antirandomization were carried out on the examples of three deterministic games for two players, aimed at finding the perfect winning strategies for the players, depending on the corresponding values of the given parameters. At the end of the thesis concrete examples of strategies for the Liar game are give
Stress constraints applied to the optimization of a thin-walled Z-beam
Razmatran je jedan pristup optimizaciji tankozidih otvorenih popreÄnih preseka oblika Z - profila, izloženih savijanju i ograniÄenoj torziji. Za data optereÄenja, materijal i geometrijske karakteristike, problem se svodi na odreÄivanje minimalne mase, odnosno minimalne povrÅ”ine popreÄnog preseka konstruktivnih tankozidih popreÄnih preseka izabranog oblika. PovrÅ”ina popreÄnog preseka je izabrana za funkciju cilja. Uvedena su naponska ograniÄenja. Primenjuje se Metoda Lagranžovog množitelja. Rezultati analitiÄki dobijenih jednaÄina za matematiÄki model, numeriÄka reÅ”enja, kao i uÅ”teda u masi, izraÄunati su za tri sluÄaja optereÄenja. Neki rezultati su provereni primenom programa COSMOS.One approach to the optimization of a thin-walled open section Z-beam subjected to the bending and to the constrained torsion is considered. For given loads, material and geometrical characteristics, the problem is reduced to the determination of minimum mass i.e. minimum crosssectional area of structural thin-walled beam of the chosen shape. The area of the cross-section is assumed to be the objective function. The stress constraints are introduced. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied. Solutions of analitically obtained expressions for the mathematical model, numerical solutions, as well as the saved mass, are calculated for three loading cases
Biodiverzitet i osnovni aspekti njegovog održanja
Biodiversity, or diversity of plant resources in agriculture, is a biological basis of global food providing, directly or indirectly. Biodiversity implies diversity of genetic material contained in traditional and contemporary newly created genotypes. Mentioned resources could be the basis for the creation of new cultivars through conventional crossbreeding process or application of biotechnology. Plant resources include both wild relatives and other wild plant species that could be used as an energy source, for pharmaceutical purposes and as a source of beneficial genes. Genetic material is a reservoir of genetic adaptability that can prove to be a buffer against potentially harmful external or economic changes, regardless of the purpose and technology used. Erosion of plant resources could have serious and long-term effect on food supply.Biodiverzitet, ili raznolikost u biljnim resursima u poljoprivredi, je bioloÅ”ka osnova obezbeÄenja sveta hranom, direktno ili indirektno. Biodiverzitet podrazumeva diverzitet genetiÄkog materijala sadržanog u tradi-cionalnim i u novostvorenim savremenim genotipovima. Pomenuti resursi mogu biti osnova za stvaranje novih sorti kroz proces konvencionalnog ukrÅ”tanja ili primenom biotehnologije. Biljni resursi podrazumevaju i divlje srodnike i druge divlje biljne vrste koje mogu da se koriste kao izvor energije, u farmaceutske svrhe, kao izvor poželjnih gena. Bez obzira za koju svrhu i koja tehnologija se koristi genetiÄki materijal je rezervoar genetiÄke adaptabilnosti koji može da se pokaže kao pufer protiv potencijalno Å”tetnih spoljaÅ”njih ili ekonomskih promena. Erozija biljnih resursa može da ima ozbiljan i dugoroÄan uticaj na snabdevanje hranom
Stress constraints applied to the optimization of a thin-walled Z-beam
Razmatran je jedan pristup optimizaciji tankozidih otvorenih popreÄnih preseka oblika Z - profila, izloženih savijanju i ograniÄenoj torziji. Za data optereÄenja, materijal i geometrijske karakteristike, problem se svodi na odreÄivanje minimalne mase, odnosno minimalne povrÅ”ine popreÄnog preseka konstruktivnih tankozidih popreÄnih preseka izabranog oblika. PovrÅ”ina popreÄnog preseka je izabrana za funkciju cilja. Uvedena su naponska ograniÄenja. Primenjuje se Metoda Lagranžovog množitelja. Rezultati analitiÄki dobijenih jednaÄina za matematiÄki model, numeriÄka reÅ”enja, kao i uÅ”teda u masi, izraÄunati su za tri sluÄaja optereÄenja. Neki rezultati su provereni primenom programa COSMOS.One approach to the optimization of a thin-walled open section Z-beam subjected to the bending and to the constrained torsion is considered. For given loads, material and geometrical characteristics, the problem is reduced to the determination of minimum mass i.e. minimum crosssectional area of structural thin-walled beam of the chosen shape. The area of the cross-section is assumed to be the objective function. The stress constraints are introduced. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied. Solutions of analitically obtained expressions for the mathematical model, numerical solutions, as well as the saved mass, are calculated for three loading cases
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