The retroflection of part of the East Greenland Current at Cape Farewell

The East Greenland Current (EGC) and the smaller East Greenland Coastal Current (EGCC) provide the major conduit for cold fresh polar water to enter the lower latitudes of the North Atlantic. They flow equatorward through the western Irminger Basin and around Cape Farewell into the Labrador Sea. The surface circulation and transport of the Cape Farewell boundary current region in summer 2005 is described. The EGCC merges with Arctic waters of the EGC to the south of Cape Farewell, forming the West Greenland Current. The EGC transport decreases from 15.5 Sv south of Cape Farewell to 11.7 Sv in the eastern Labrador Sea (where the water becomes known as Irminger Sea Water). The decrease in EGC transport is balanced by the retroflection of a substantial proportion of the boundary current (5.1 Sv) into the central Irminger Basin; a new pathway for fresh water into the interior of the subpolar gyre

Human Cytomegalovirus Entry into Dendritic Cells Occurs via a Macropinocytosis-Like Pathway in a pH-Independent and Cholesterol-Dependent Manner

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that is able to infect fibroblastic, epithelial, endothelial and hematopoietic cells. Over the past ten years, several groups have provided direct evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) fully support the HCMV lytic cycle. We previously demonstrated that the C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) has a prominent role in the docking of HCMV on monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs). The DC-SIGN/HCMV interaction was demonstrated to be a crucial and early event that substantially enhanced infection in trans, i.e., from one CMV-bearing cell to another non-infected cell (or trans-infection), and rendered susceptible cells fully permissive to HCMV infection. Nevertheless, nothing is yet known about how HCMV enters MDDCs. In this study, we demonstrated that VHL/E HCMV virions (an endothelio/dendrotropic strain) are first internalized into MDDCs by a macropinocytosis-like process in an actin- and cholesterol-dependent, but pH-independent, manner. We observed the accumulation of virions in large uncoated vesicles with endosomal features, and the virions remained as intact particles that retained infectious potential for several hours. This trans-infection property was specific to MDDCs because monocyte-derived macrophages or monocytes from the same donor were unable to allow the accumulation of and the subsequent transmission of the virus. Together, these data allowed us to delineate the early mechanisms of the internalization and entry of an endothelio/dendrotropic HCMV strain into human MDDCs and to propose that DCs can serve as a "Trojan horse" to convey CMV from entry sites to other locations that may favor the occurrence of either latency or acute infection

Mutations in DCC cause isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum with incomplete penetrance

Brain malformations involving the corpus callosum are common in children with developmental disabilities. We identified DCC mutations in four families and five sporadic individuals with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) without intellectual disability. DCC mutations result in variable dominant phenotypes with decreased penetrance, including mirror movements and ACC associated with a favorable developmental prognosis. Possible phenotypic modifiers include the type and location of mutation and the sex of the individual

A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N=10,535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β=0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β=0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

A Many-analysts Approach to the Relation Between Religiosity and Well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Toxicomanie et maternité : un parcours difficile, de la famille d’origine à la famille « recréée »

La plupart des études traitant de la toxicomanie des mères ont jusqu’à maintenant été axées sur les effets des produits, ou de l’environnement autour de la consommation, sur les enfants. Peu ont traité de la situation des mères elles-mêmes, de leurs trajectoires de vie, de leur désir d’enfant, de leurs besoins dans le développement des compétences parentales. L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche menée auprès d’un échantillon de mères toxicomanes ayant récemment accouché, en faisant ressortir plus particulièrement les divers événements qui ont ponctué leurs trajectoires de consommation et comment la maternité s’inscrit dans ces parcours. Trois principaux types de facteurs associés à l’initiation, au maintien, à la progression mais aussi à l’arrêt de la consommation ont été relevés : facteurs contextuels (consommation familiale, facilité d’accès aux produits, contacts dans le milieu de la drogue, conformité au groupe de pairs) ; facteurs relationnels (partenaire amoureux consommateur) et facteurs intrinsèques (automédication, besoin d’oublier et fuite de la réalité). L’arrivée de l’enfant, rarement planifiée, constitue un moment privilégié pour inverser la trajectoire et un facteur important dans la diminution de la consommation ou son abandon. Mais, elle peut également devenir une source de stress conduisant à des rechutes surtout dans le contexte où les conditions environnantes sont difficiles et où elles ont peu de contrôle sur leur avenir. L’étude des trajectoires permet de mieux comprendre la toxicomanie maternelle et de proposer des pistes pour l’intervention.Most studies pertaining to mothers and substance abuse have focused on either the effects or the environment of consumption, on children. Few concern the mothers themselves, their life path, their desire to have children, their need to develop parental competence. This article presents the results of a research on a sample of mothers suffering from drug abuse who have recently given birth. The article emphasizes the different events that marked the course of their consumption and how maternity is positioned within such a stream of events. Three major factors associated with the initiation, the continued use, the increase and the end of consumption were identified: contextual factors (family consumption, ease of access, contacts in the drug milieu, peer pressure); relational factors (lover who uses substances) and intrinsic factors (self medication, need to forget or to flee reality). The child’s arrival, rarely planned, constitutes a privileged moment to reverse the stream of consumption and is a major factor in the reduction of use or its end. But, the child’s arrival can also become a source of stress leading to relapses especially in a context where environmental conditions are difficult and where the mothers have little control over their future. The study of trajectories leads to a better understanding of maternal substance abuse and proposes keys for intervention.La mayoría de los estudios tratando de la toxicomanía de las madres han sido hasta ahora centrados sobre los efectos de los productos, o del medio ambiente sobre el consumo, o sobre los hijos. Pocos trataron de la situación de las madres ellas mismas, de su trayectoria de vida, de sus deseos de maternidad, de sus necesidades en el desarrollo de competencias parentales. El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación hecha sobre una muestra de madres toxicómanas habiendo recientemente dado a luz, haciendo resaltar más particularmente los acontecimientos diversos que habían marcado sus trayectorias de consumo y cómo la maternidad se inscribía en este recorrido. Tres principales tipos de factores asociados a la iniciación, al mantenimiento y a la progresión, pero tambien a la cesación del consumo, han sido relevados : factores contextuales (consumo familiar, facilidad de acceso a los productos, contactos en el ámbito de la droga, conformidad a un grupo de pares) ; factores relacionales (pareja consumidora) y factores intrínsecos (automedicación, necesidad de olvidar, de huír la realidad). La llegada del niño, raramente planifi cada, constituye un momento privilegiado para invertir la trayectoria y un factor importante en la disminución del consumo o en su abandono. Pero puede tambien ser una fuente de stress conduciendo a recaídas, sobre todo en el contexto dónde las condiciones ambientales son difíciles y tienen poco control sobre su porvenir. El estudio de las trayectorias permite comprender mejor la toxicomanía maternal y proponer pistas para la intervención

Toxicomanie et maternité

La plupart des études traitant de la toxicomanie des mères ont jusqu’à maintenant été axées sur les effets des produits, ou de l’environnement autour de la consommation, sur les enfants. Peu ont traité de la situation des mères elles-mêmes, de leurs trajectoires de vie, de leur désir d’enfant, de leurs besoins dans le développement des compétences parentales. L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche menée auprès d’un échantillon de mères toxicomanes ayant récemment accouché, en faisant ressortir plus particulièrement les divers événements qui ont ponctué leurs trajectoires de consommation et comment la maternité s’inscrit dans ces parcours. Trois principaux types de facteurs associés à l’initiation, au maintien, à la progression mais aussi à l’arrêt de la consommation ont été relevés : facteurs contextuels (consommation familiale, facilité d’accès aux produits, contacts dans le milieu de la drogue, conformité au groupe de pairs) ; facteurs relationnels (partenaire amoureux consommateur) et facteurs intrinsèques (automédication, besoin d’oublier et fuite de la réalité). L’arrivée de l’enfant, rarement planifiée, constitue un moment privilégié pour inverser la trajectoire et un facteur important dans la diminution de la consommation ou son abandon. Mais, elle peut également devenir une source de stress conduisant à des rechutes surtout dans le contexte où les conditions environnantes sont difficiles et où elles ont peu de contrôle sur leur avenir. L’étude des trajectoires permet de mieux comprendre la toxicomanie maternelle et de proposer des pistes pour l’intervention.Most studies pertaining to mothers and substance abuse have focused on either the effects or the environment of consumption, on children. Few concern the mothers themselves, their life path, their desire to have children, their need to develop parental competence. This article presents the results of a research on a sample of mothers suffering from drug abuse who have recently given birth. The article emphasizes the different events that marked the course of their consumption and how maternity is positioned within such a stream of events. Three major factors associated with the initiation, the continued use, the increase and the end of consumption were identified: contextual factors (family consumption, ease of access, contacts in the drug milieu, peer pressure); relational factors (lover who uses substances) and intrinsic factors (self medication, need to forget or to flee reality). The child’s arrival, rarely planned, constitutes a privileged moment to reverse the stream of consumption and is a major factor in the reduction of use or its end. But, the child’s arrival can also become a source of stress leading to relapses especially in a context where environmental conditions are difficult and where the mothers have little control over their future. The study of trajectories leads to a better understanding of maternal substance abuse and proposes keys for intervention.La mayoría de los estudios tratando de la toxicomanía de las madres han sido hasta ahora centrados sobre los efectos de los productos, o del medio ambiente sobre el consumo, o sobre los hijos. Pocos trataron de la situación de las madres ellas mismas, de su trayectoria de vida, de sus deseos de maternidad, de sus necesidades en el desarrollo de competencias parentales. El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación hecha sobre una muestra de madres toxicómanas habiendo recientemente dado a luz, haciendo resaltar más particularmente los acontecimientos diversos que habían marcado sus trayectorias de consumo y cómo la maternidad se inscribía en este recorrido. Tres principales tipos de factores asociados a la iniciación, al mantenimiento y a la progresión, pero tambien a la cesación del consumo, han sido relevados : factores contextuales (consumo familiar, facilidad de acceso a los productos, contactos en el ámbito de la droga, conformidad a un grupo de pares) ; factores relacionales (pareja consumidora) y factores intrínsecos (automedicación, necesidad de olvidar, de huír la realidad). La llegada del niño, raramente planifi cada, constituye un momento privilegiado para invertir la trayectoria y un factor importante en la disminución del consumo o en su abandono. Pero puede tambien ser una fuente de stress conduciendo a recaídas, sobre todo en el contexto dónde las condiciones ambientales son difíciles y tienen poco control sobre su porvenir. El estudio de las trayectorias permite comprender mejor la toxicomanía maternal y proponer pistas para la intervención

Typology of Self-Concept of Adolescents in France: A Comparison of Gifted and Nongifted French High School Students

International audienc