101 research outputs found
Low Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides in Production of Nitric Acid by the Use of Liquid Ammonia
U radu je prikazana primjena niskotemperaturne selektivne katalitičke redukcije dušikovih oksida u otpadnom plinu od proizvodnje dušične kiseline. Selektivna katalitička redukcija provodi se heterogenim katalizatorom TiO2/WO3 nanesenim na nosač od Al2O3 velike aktivne površine po obujmu, oblika pčelinjeg saća. Prikazana je učinkovitost selektivne katalitičke redukcije u temperaturnom području otpadnog plina od 180 do 230 °C uz izravnu primjenu tekućeg amonijaka, bez prethodnog isparavanja u plinovito stanje. Posebnom izvedbom sustava za izravno doziranje tekućeg amonijaka te omogućavanjem učinkovite homogenizacije s otpadnim plinom postignute su emisije dušikovih oksida od 100,0 do 185,0 mg m-3 izrađenih kao NO2 u otpadnom plinu. Pokazano je da niskotemperaturna selektivna katalitička redukcija uz izravnu primjenu tekućeg amonijaka otvara novu mogućnost za smanjenje emisije dušikovih oksida u proizvodnji dušične kiseline. Istodobno se izbjegava svaka mogućnost pojave dušikovih oksida nakon heterogenog katalizatora u procesu naknadnog iskorištenja energije otpadnog plina u plinskoj turbini. Izravnom primjenom tekućeg amonijaka omogućen je jednostavniji sustav selektivne katalitičke redukcije dušikovih oksida u otpadnom plinu, bez dodatne operacije isparavanja i predgrijavanja te se ostvaruje ekonomski i energetski učinkovitije smanjenje emisije dušikovih oksida uz poštovanje zakonskih odredbi o graničnim emisijama.This paper presents the application of low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitrous oxides in the tail gas of the dual-pressure process of nitric acid production. The process of selective catalytic reduction is carried out using the TiO2/WO3 heterogeneous catalyst applied on a ceramic honeycomb structure with a high geometric surface area per volume. The process design parameters for nitric acid production by the dual-pressure procedure in a capacity range from 75 to 100 % in comparison with designed capacity for one production line is shown in the Table 1. Shown is the effectiveness of selective catalytic reduction in the temperature range of the tail gas from 180 to 230 °C with direct application of liquid ammonia, without prior evaporation to gaseous state. The results of inlet and outlet concentrations of nitrous oxides in the tail gas of the nitric acid production process are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 3 shows the temperature dependence of the selective catalytic reduction of nitrous oxides expressed as NO2in the tail gas of nitric acid production with the application of a constant mass flow of liquid ammonia of 13,0 kg h-1 and average inlet mass concentration of the nitrous oxides expressed as NO2 of 800,0 mgm-3 during 100 % production capacity. The specially designed liquid-ammonia direct-dosing system along with the effective homogenization of the tail gas resulted in emission levels of nitrous oxides expressed as NO2 in tail gas ranging from 100,0 to 185,0 mg m-3. The applied low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of the nitrous oxides in the tail gases by direct use of liquid ammonia is shown in Figure 4. It is shown that low-temperature selective catalytic reduction with direct application of liquid ammonia opens a new opportunity in the reduction of nitrous oxide emissions during nitric acid production without the risk of dangerous ammonium nitrate occurring in the process of subsequent energy utilization of tail gas through a gas turbine. With the direct application of liquid ammonia it is possible to create the simpler system of selective catalytic reduction of tail-gas nitrous oxides, thus avoiding the additional processes of vaporization and preheating, and thereby achieving an economic and energetic-efficient procedure for their reduction down to legally prescribed limits
A Large Cross-Sectional Study of Health Attitudes, Knowledge, Behaviour and Risks in the Post-War Croatian Population (The First Croatian Health Project*)
As the liberation of occupied Croatian territories ended the war in the country in
1995, the Ministry of Health and Croatian Health Insurance Institute have agreed to
create the new framework for developing a long-term strategy of public health planning,
prevention and intervention. They provided financial resources to develop the First Cro-atian Health Project, the rest of the support coming from the World Bank loan and the
National Institute of Public Health. A large cross-sectional study was designed aiming
to assess health attitudes, knowledge, behaviour and risks in the post-war Croatian
population. The large field study was carried out by the Institute for Anthropological
Research with technical support from the National Institute of Public Health. The field
study was completed between 1995–1997. It included about 10,000 adult volunteers
from all 21 Croatian counties. The geographic distribution of the sample covered both
coastal and continental areas of Croatia and included rural and urban environments.
The specific measurements included antropometry (body mass index and blood pressure).
From each examinee a blood sample was collected from which the levels of total
plasma cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-cholesterol (High Density Lipoprotein),
LDL-cholesterol (Low Density Lipoprotein), lipoprotein Lp(a), and haemostatic
risk factor fibrinogen (F) were determined. The detailed data were collected on the general
knowledge and attitudes on health issues, followed by specific investigation of
smoking history, alcohol consumption, nutrition habits, physical activity, family history
of chronic non-communicable diseases and occupational exposures. From the initial database
a targeted sample of 5,840 persons of both sexes, aged 18–65, was created corresponding
by age, sex and geographic distribution to the general Croatian population.
This paper summarises and discusses the main findings of the project within this representative
sample of Croatian population
Prospects for the CERN Axion Solar Telescope Sensitivity to 14.4 keV Axions
The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) is searching for solar axions using the
9.0 T strong and 9.26 m long transverse magnetic field of a twin aperture LHC
test magnet, where axions could be converted into X-rays via reverse Primakoff
process. Here we explore the potential of CAST to search for 14.4 keV axions
that could be emitted from the Sun in M1 nuclear transition between the first,
thermally excited state, and the ground state of 57Fe nuclide. Calculations of
the expected signals, with respect to the axion-photon coupling, axion-nucleon
coupling and axion mass, are presented in comparison with the experimental
sensitivity.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Submitted to Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
New solar axion search in CAST with He filling
The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) searches for conversion in
the 9 T magnetic field of a refurbished LHC test magnet that can be directed
toward the Sun. Two parallel magnet bores can be filled with helium of
adjustable pressure to match the X-ray refractive mass to the axion
search mass . After the vacuum phase (2003--2004), which is optimal for
eV, we used He in 2005--2007 to cover the mass range of
0.02--0.39 eV and He in 2009--2011 to scan from 0.39--1.17 eV. After
improving the detectors and shielding, we returned to He in 2012 to
investigate a narrow range around 0.2 eV ("candidate setting" of our
earlier search) and 0.39--0.42 eV, the upper axion mass range reachable with
He, to "cross the axion line" for the KSVZ model. We have improved the
limit on the axion-photon coupling to (95% C.L.), depending on the pressure settings. Since 2013, we
have returned to vacuum and aim for a significant increase in sensitivity.Comment: CAST Collaboration 6 pages 3 figure
Search for chameleons with CAST
In this work we present a search for (solar) chameleons with the CERN Axion
Solar Telescope (CAST). This novel experimental technique, in the field of dark
energy research, exploits both the chameleon coupling to matter () and to photons () via the Primakoff effect. By reducing
the X-ray detection energy threshold used for axions from 1keV to 400eV
CAST became sensitive to the converted solar chameleon spectrum which peaks
around 600eV. Even though we have not observed any excess above background,
we can provide a 95% C.L. limit for the coupling strength of chameleons to
photons of for .Comment: 8 pages, 12 figure
Search for solar axions using Li-7
We describe a novel approach to the search for solar, near-monochromatic
hadronic axions, the latter being suggested to be created in the solar core
during M1 transitions between the first excited level of Li-7, at 478 keV, and
the ground state. As a result of Doppler broadening, in principle these axions
can be detected via resonant absorption by the same nuclide on the Earth.
Excited nuclei of Li-7 are produced in the solar interior by Be-7 electron
capture and thus the axions are accompanied by emission of Be-7 solar neutrinos
of energy 384 keV. An experiment was made which has yielded an upper limit on
hadronic axion mass of 32 keV at the 95% confidence level.Comment: revtex, 4 pages with 2 figures, title revised, minor changes, matches
version to appear in Phys. Rev.
Results and perspectives of the solar axion search with the CAST experiment
The status of the solar axion search with the CERN Axion Solar Telescope
(CAST) will be presented. Recent results obtained by the use of He as a
buffer gas has allowed us to extend our sensitivity to higher axion masses than
our previous measurements with He. With about 1 h of data taking at each of
252 different pressure settings we have scanned the axion mass range 0.39 eV 0.64 eV. From the absence of an excess of x rays when the
magnet was pointing to the Sun we set a typical upper limit on the axion-photon
coupling of g GeV at 95% C.L., the
exact value depending on the pressure setting. CAST published results represent
the best experimental limit on the photon couplings to axions and other similar
exotic particles dubbed WISPs (Weakly Interacting Slim Particles) in the
considered mass range and for the first time the limit enters the region
favored by QCD axion models. Preliminary sensitivities for axion masses up to
1.16 eV will also be shown reaching mean upper limits on the axion-photon
coupling of g GeV at 95% C.L.
Expected sensibilities for the extension of the CAST program up to 2014 will be
presented. Moreover long term options for a new helioscope experiment will be
evoked.Comment: 4 pages, 2 pages, to appear in the proceedings of the 24th Rencontres
de Blois V2 A few affiliations were not corrected in previous version V3
Author adde
First results from the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST)
Hypothetical axion-like particles with a two-photon interaction would be
produced in the Sun by the Primakoff process. In a laboratory magnetic field
(``axion helioscope'') they would be transformed into X-rays with energies of a
few keV. Using a decommissioned LHC test magnet, CAST has been running for
about 6 months during 2003. The first results from the analysis of these data
are presented here. No signal above background was observed, implying an upper
limit to the axion-photon coupling < 1.16 10^{-10} GeV^-1 at 95% CL for m_a
<~0.02 eV. This limit is comparable to the limit from stellar energy-loss
arguments and considerably more restrictive than any previous experiment in
this axion mass range.Comment: 4 pages, accepted by PRL. Final version after the referees comment
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