Montmorillonite K-10 Supported 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric Acid (H4PMo11V1O40/K-10) Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones Under Solvent-free Condition

A series of 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric acid supported on montmorillonite K-10 catalysts were prepared and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, XRD, BET and SEM analysis techniques. Characterization data reveals the chemical immobilization of H4PMo11V1O40 catalyst on the montmorillonite K-10 support. The catalytic performance of synthesized catalysts was investigated for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione derivatives by one-pot three-component reaction of phthalhydrazide, dimedone and aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. Among different catalysts, 20% H4PMo11V1O40 supported on to montmorillonite K-10 showed the highest catalytic activity. Effect of reaction parameters such as catalyst loading, temperature and the nature of substituents on the aromatic ring of aldehydes were also evaluated. The protocol developed using H4PMo11V1O40/K-10 has several distinct advantages such as operational simplicity, short reaction time, high yield, reusable catalyst and preclusion of toxic solvent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v9i4.87

Envirocat EPZG Mediated Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrano[c]chromene Derivatives Under Microwave Irradiation in Solvent-free Conditions

A Envirocat EPZG mediated method is developed for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives under microwave irradiation by three component cyclocondensation of 4‐hydroxycoumarin, malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes. The process has been carried out under solvent-free conditions in the presence of very small amount of Envirocat EPZG. Use of ecofriendly readily available catalyst and green reaction media makes this methodology simple, safe, and cost effective. Mild reaction conditions, easy workup procedure, excellent yields and short reaction times are some remarkable features of this work. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v13i1.1517 </p

Montmorillonite K-10 Supported 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric Acid (H4PMo11V1O40/K-10) Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones Under Solvent-free Condition

A series of 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric acid supported on montmorillonite K-10 catalysts were prepared and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, XRD, BET and SEM analysis techniques. Characterization data reveals the chemical immobilization of H4PMo11V1O40 catalyst on the montmorillonite K-10 support. The catalytic performance of synthesized catalysts was investigated for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione derivatives by one-pot three-component reaction of phthalhydrazide, dimedone and aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. Among different catalysts, 20% H4PMo11V1O40 supported on to montmorillonite K-10 showed the highest catalytic activity. Effect of reaction parameters such as catalyst loading, temperature and the nature of substituents on the aromatic ring of aldehydes were also evaluated. The protocol developed using H4PMo11V1O40/K-10 has several distinct advantages such as operational simplicity, short reaction time, high yield, reusable catalyst and preclusion of toxic solvent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v9i4.873 </p

Predictors of bisexual behaviour among MSM attending intervention sites may help in prevention interventions for this bridge to the heterosexual epidemic in India: data from HIV sentinel surveillance.

Indian cultural tradition demanding marriage, many MSM howsoever they self-identify are likely to be married or have sex with women. To consolidate India's HIV prevention gains, it is important to understand and address the interaction between the MSM and heterosexual epidemics in India and create specific interventions for bisexual MSM. The challenge is to identify and intervene this hard to reach population. Data from HIV Sentinel Surveillance 2011 among MSM in four Indian states were analyzed to assess predictors and prevalence of bisexual behaviour in MSM.Between March-May 2011, 4682 men (15-49 years) who had anal/oral sex with a male partner in the past month, attending intervention sites and consenting for an un-linked anonymous survey answered an 11- item questionnaire and provided blood for HIV test by finger stick at 19 designated surveillance sites.Of 4682 MSM tested overall, 5% were illiterate, 51% reported only receptive anal intercourse, 21% only penetrative and 28% both. 36% MSM had ever received money for sex. Overall 6.8% were HIV infected. 44% MSM were bisexual in the last six months. On multivariate analysis, 'being bisexual' was found to be independently associated with 'older age': 26-30 years [AOR = 3.1, 95% CI(2.7, 3.7)], >30 years [AOR = 6.5, 95% CI(5.5, 7.7)]; 'reporting penetrative behaviour alone' with other men [AOR = 5.8, 95% CI(4.8, 7.0), p<0.01] and 'reporting both penetrative and receptive behaviour' [AOR = 2.7, 95% CI(2.3, 3.1) p<0.01]. Those who both paid and received money for sex [AOR = 0.49, 95% CI (0.38, 0.62)] were significantly less likely to be bisexual.A substantial proportion of men receiving services from Targeted Intervention programs are bisexual and the easy opportunity for intervention in this setting should be capitalised upon. Focusing on older MSM, as well as MSM who show penetrative behaviour with other men, could help in reaching this population

Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of MSM in states in west-central India (Year 2011).

<p>Note: MSMO: Men having Sex with Men Only, MSMW: Men having Sex with Men and Women, IDU: Injecting Drug Use, *Approx. 0.3%–1.3% data on these variables is missing overall.</p><p>Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of MSM in states in west-central India (Year 2011).</p

Predictors of HIV infection among MSM in west-central India (Year 2011).

<p>Note: Column 2: Denominators for percentages are respective figures in 1st column. OR: Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; IDU: Injecting Drug Use. * ‘Received Money’ = Only sold sex, ‘Paid’ = Only bought sex; ‘Received+Paid’ =  Bought and sold sex.</p><p>Predictors of HIV infection among MSM in west-central India (Year 2011).</p

Predictors of bisexual behaviour among MSM in west-central India (Year 2011).

<p>Note: Column 2: Denominators for percentages are respective figures in 1st column. OR: Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio. * Missing information about bisexuality for 32 records; IDU: Injecting Drug Use, MSMW: Men having Sex with Men and Women. * ‘Received Money’ =  Only sold sex, ‘Paid’ = Only bought sex; ‘Received+Paid’ =  Bought and sold sex.</p><p>Predictors of bisexual behaviour among MSM in west-central India (Year 2011).</p