610 research outputs found
Concentrations of Dark Halos from their Assembly Histories
(abridged) We study the relation between the density profiles of dark matter
halos and their mass assembly histories, using a statistical sample of halos in
a high-resolution N-body simulation of the LCDM cosmology. For each halo at
z=0, we identify its merger-history tree, and determine concentration
parameters c_vir for all progenitors, thus providing a structural merger tree
for each halo. We fit the mass accretion histories by a universal function with
one parameter, the formation epoch a_c, defined when the log mass accretion
rate dlogM/dloga falls below a critical value S. We find that late forming
galaxies tend to be less concentrated, such that c_vir ``observed'' at any
epoch a_o is strongly correlated with a_c via c_vir=c_1*a_o/a_c. Scatter about
this relation is mostly due to measurement errors in c_v and a_c, implying that
the actual spread in c_vir for halos of a given mass can be mostly attributed
to scatter in a_c. We demonstrate that this relation can also be used to
predict the mass and redshift dependence of c_v, and the scatter about the
median c_vir(M,z), using accretion histories derived from the Extended
Press-Schechter (EPS) formalism, after adjusting for a constant offset between
the formation times as predicted by EPS and as measured in the simulations;this
new ingredient can thus be easily incorporated into semi-analytic models of
galaxy formation. The correlation found between halo concentration and mass
accretion rate suggests a physical interpretation: for high mass infall rates
the central density is related to the background density; when the mass infall
rate slows, the central density stays approximately constant and the halo
concentration just grows as R_vir. The tight correlation demonstrated here
provides an essential new ingredient for galaxy formation modeling.Comment: 19 pages, 18 figures, uses emulateapj5.tex. ApJ, in press; revised to
match accepted versio
Tidal stirring and the origin of dwarf spheroidals in the Local Group
N-Body/SPH simulations are used to study the evolution of dwarf irregular
galaxies (dIrrs) entering the dark matter halo of the Milky Way or M31 on
plunging orbits. We propose a new dynamical mechanism driving the evolution of
gas rich, rotationally supported dIrrs, mostly found at the outskirts of the
Local Group (LG), into gas free, pressure supported dwarf spheroidals (dSphs)
or dwarf ellipticals (dEs), observed to cluster around the two giant spirals.
The initial model galaxies are exponential disks embedded in massive dark
matter halos and reproduce nearby dIrrs. Repeated tidal shocks at the
pericenter of their orbit partially strip their halo and disk and trigger
dynamical instabilities that dramatically reshape their stellar component.
After only 2-3 orbits low surface brightness (LSB) dIrrs are transformed into
dSphs, while high surface brightness (HSB) dIrrs evolve into dEs. This
evolutionary mechanism naturally leads to the morphology-density relation
observed for LG dwarfs. Dwarfs surrounded by very dense dark matter halos, like
the archetypical dIrr GR8, are turned into Draco or Ursa Minor, the faintest
and most dark matter dominated among LG dSphs. If disks include a gaseous
component, this is both tidally stripped and consumed in periodic bursts of
star formation. The resulting star formation histories are in good qualitative
agreement with those derived using HST color-magnitude diagrams for local
dSphs.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, to appear on ApJL. Simulation images and movies
can be found at the Local Group web page at
http://pcblu.uni.mi.astro.it/~lucio/LG/LG.htm
Reionization and the abundance of galactic satellites
One of the main challenges facing standard hierarchical structure formation
models is that the predicted abundance of galactic subhalos with circular
velocities of 10-30 km/s is an order of magnitude higher than the number of
satellites actually observed within the Local Group. Using a simple model for
the formation and evolution of dark halos, based on the extended
Press-Schechter formalism and tested against N-body results, we show that the
theoretical predictions can be reconciled with observations if gas accretion in
low-mass halos is suppressed after the epoch of reionization. In this picture,
the observed dwarf satellites correspond to the small fraction of halos that
accreted substantial amounts of gas before reionization. The photoionization
mechanism naturally explains why the discrepancy between predicted halos and
observed satellites sets in at about 30 km/s, and for reasonable choices of the
reionization redshift (z_re = 5-12) the model can reproduce both the amplitude
and shape of the observed velocity function of galactic satellites. If this
explanation is correct, then typical bright galaxy halos contain many low-mass
dark matter subhalos. These might be detectable through their gravitational
lensing effects, through their influence on stellar disks, or as dwarf
satellites with very high mass-to-light ratios. This model also predicts a
diffuse stellar component produced by large numbers of tidally disrupted
dwarfs, perhaps sufficient to account for most of the Milky Way's stellar halo.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, Submitted to Ap
Halo Substructure and the Power Spectrum
In this proceeding, we present the results of a semi-analytic study of CDM
substructure as a function of the primordial power spectrum. We apply our
method to several tilted models in the LCDM framework with n=0.85-1.1,
sigma_8=0.65-1.2 when COBE normalized. We also study a more extreme, warm dark
matter-like spectrum that is sharply truncated below a scale of 10^10 h^-1
Msun. We show that the mass fraction of halo substructure is not a strong
function of spectral slope, so it likely will be difficult to constrain tilt
using flux ratios of gravitationally lensed quasars. On the positive side, all
of our CDM-type models yield projected mass fractions in good agreement with
strong lensing estimates: f \sim 1.5% at M \sim 10^8 Msun. The truncated model
produces a significantly smaller fraction, f \lsim 0.3%, suggesting that warm
dark matter-like spectra may be distinguished from CDM spectra using lensing.
We also discuss the issue of dwarf satellite abundances, with emphasis on the
cosmological dependence of the map between the observed central velocity
dispersion of Milky Way satellites and the maximum circular velocities of their
host halos. In agreement with earlier work, we find that standard LCDM
over-predicts the estimated count of Milky Way satellites at fixed Vmax by an
order of magnitude, but tilted models do better because subhalos are less
concentrated. Interestingly, under the assumption that dwarfs have isotropic
velocity dispersion tensors, models with significantly tilted spectra (n \lsim
0.85, sigma_8 \lsim 0.7) may under-predict the number of large Milky Way
satellites with Vmax \gsim 40 km/s.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Poster contribution to the 13th Annual
Astrophysics Conference in Maryland, The Emergence of Cosmic Structur
The Metamorphosis of Tidally Stirred Dwarf Galaxies
We present results from high-resolution N-Body/SPH simulations of
rotationally supported dwarf irregular galaxies moving on bound orbits in the
massive dark matter halo of the Milky Way.The dwarf models span a range in disk
surface density and the masses and sizes of their dark halos are consistent
with the predictions of cold dark matter cosmogonies. We show that the strong
tidal field of the Milky Way determines severe mass loss in their halos and
disks and induces bar and bending instabilities that transform low surface
brightness dwarfs (LSBs) into dwarf spheroidals (dSphs) and high surface
brightness dwarfs (HSBs) into dwarf ellipticals (dEs) in less than 10 Gyr. The
final central velocity dispersions of the remnants are in the range 8-30 km/s
and their final falls to values , matching well the
kinematics of early-type dwarfs. The transformation requires the orbital time
of the dwarf to be \simlt 3-4 Gyr, which implies a halo as massive and
extended as predicted by hierarchical models of galaxy formation to explain the
origin of even the farthest dSph satellites of the Milky Way, Leo I and Leo II.
Only dwarfs with central dark matter densities as high as those of Draco and
Ursa Minor can survive for 10 Gyr in the proximity of the Milky Way: this is
naturally achieved within hierarchical models, where the densest objects should
have small orbital times due to their early formation epochs. Part of the gas
is stripped and part is funneled to the center due to the bar, generating one
strong burst of star formation in HSBs and smaller, multiple bursts in LSBs.
Extended low-surface brightness stellar and gaseous streams originate from LSBs
and, when projected along the line of sight, can lead to overestimate the
mass-to-light ratio of the bound remnant by a factor \simlt 2,Comment: 29 pages, 34 figures, submitted to ApJ. Figures 5,11 and 32 are given
as separate GIF files. Other figures and the movies of the simulations can be
found at http://pcblu.mib.infn.it/~lucio/LG/LG.htm
Risk of Adverse Cognitive or Behavioral Conditions and Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence Report
In April 2010, President Obama declared a space pioneering goal for the United States in general and NASA in particular. "Fifty years after the creation of NASA, our goal is no longer just a destination to reach. Our goal is the capacity for people to work and learn and operate and live safely beyond the Earth for extended periods of time, ultimately in ways that are more sustainable and even indefinite." Thus NASA's Strategic Objective 1.1 emerged as "expand human presence into the solar system and to the surface of Mars to advance exploration, science, innovation, benefits to humanity, and international collaboration" (NASA 2015b). Any space flight, be it of long or short duration, occurs in an extreme environment that has unique stressors. Even with excellent selection methods, the potential for behavioral problems among space flight crews remain a threat to mission success. Assessment of factors that are related to behavioral health can help minimize the chances of distress and, thus, reduce the likelihood of adverse cognitive or behavioral conditions and psychiatric disorders arising within a crew. Similarly, countermeasures that focus on prevention and treatment can mitigate the cognitive or behavioral conditions that, should they arise, would impact mission success. Given the general consensus that longer duration, isolation, and confined missions have a greater risk for behavioral health ensuring crew behavioral health over the long term is essential. Risk, which within the context of this report is assessed with respect to behavioral health and performance, is addressed to deter development of cognitive and behavioral degradations or psychiatric conditions in space flight and analog populations, and to monitor, detect, and treat early risk factors, predictors and other contributing factors. Based on space flight and analog evidence, the average incidence rate of an adverse behavioral health event occurring during a space mission is relatively low for the current conditions. While mood and anxiety disturbances have occurred, no behavioral emergencies have been reported to date in space flight. Anecdotal and empirical evidence indicate that the likelihood of an adverse cognitive or behavioral condition or psychiatric disorder occurring greatly increases with the length of a mission. Further, while cognitive, behavioral, or psychiatric conditions might not immediately and directly threaten mission success, such conditions can, and do, adversely impact individual and crew health, welfare, and performance
The C4 Clustering Algorithm: Clusters of Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
We present the "C4 Cluster Catalog", a new sample of 748 clusters of galaxies
identified in the spectroscopic sample of the Second Data Release (DR2) of the
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The C4 cluster--finding algorithm identifies
clusters as overdensities in a seven-dimensional position and color space, thus
minimizing projection effects which plagued previous optical clusters
selection. The present C4 catalog covers ~2600 square degrees of sky with
groups containing 10 members to massive clusters having over 200 cluster
members with redshifts. We provide cluster properties like sky location, mean
redshift, galaxy membership, summed r--band optical luminosity (L_r), velocity
dispersion, and measures of substructure. We use new mock galaxy catalogs to
investigate the sensitivity to the various algorithm parameters, as well as to
quantify purity and completeness. These mock catalogs indicate that the C4
catalog is ~90% complete and 95% pure above M_200 = 1x10^14 solar masses and
within 0.03 <=z <= 0.12. The C4 algorithm finds 98% of X-ray identified
clusters and 90% of Abell clusters within 0.03 <= z <= 0.12. We show that the
L_r of a cluster is a more robust estimator of the halo mass (M_200) than the
line-of-sight velocity dispersion or the richness of the cluster. L_r. The
final SDSS data will provide ~2500 C4 clusters and will represent one of the
largest and most homogeneous samples of local clusters.Comment: 32 pages of figures and text accepted in AJ. Electronic version with
additional tables, links, and figures is available at
http://www.ctio.noao.edu/~chrism/c
Teaching cancer imaging in the era of precision medicine: Looking at the big picture
The role of imaging in cancer diagnosis and treatment has evolved at the same rapid pace as cancer management. Over the last twenty years, with the advancement of technology, oncology has become a multidisciplinary field that allows for researchers and clinicians not only to create individualized treatment options for cancer patients, but also to evaluate patients\u27 response to therapy with increasing precision. Familiarity with these concepts is a requisite for current and future radiologists, as cancer imaging studies represent a significant and growing component of any radiology practice, from tertiary cancer centers to community hospitals. In this review we provide the framework to teach cancer imaging in the era of genomic oncology. After reading this article, readers should be able to illustrate the basics cancer genomics, modern cancer genomics, to summarize the types of systemic oncologic therapies available, their patterns of response and their adverse events, to discuss the role of imaging in oncologic clinical trials and the role of tumor response criteria and to display the future directions of oncologic imaging
Shredded Galaxies as the Source of Diffuse Intrahalo Light On Varying Scales
We make predictions for diffuse stellar mass fractions in dark matter halos
from the scales of small spiral galaxies to those of large galaxy clusters. We
use an extensively-tested analytic model for subhalo infall and evolution and
empirical constraints from galaxy survey data to set the stellar mass in each
accreted subhalo to model diffuse light. We add stellar mass to the diffuse
light as subhalos become disrupted due to interactions within their host halos.
We predict that the stellar mass fraction in diffuse, intrahalo light should
rise on average from ~0.5% to approximately 20% from small galaxy halos to poor
groups. The trend with mass flattens considerably beyond the group scale,
increasing weakly from a fraction of ~20% in poor galaxy clusters (~10^14
M_sun) to roughly ~30% in massive clusters (~10^15 M_sun). The mass-dependent
diffuse light fraction is governed primarily by the empirical fact that the
mass-to-light ratio in galaxy halos must vary as a function of halo mass.
Galaxy halos have little diffuse light because they accrete most of their mass
in small subhalos that themselves have high mass-to-light ratios; stellar halos
around galaxies are built primarily from disrupted dwarf-irregular-type
galaxies with M*~10^8.5 M_sun. The diffuse light in group and cluster halos is
built from satellite galaxies that form stars efficiently and have
correspondingly low mass-to-light ratios; intracluster light is dominated by
material liberated from massive galaxies with M*~10^11 M_sun. Our results are
consistent with existing observations spanning the galaxy, group, and cluster
scale; however, they can be tested more rigorously in future deep surveys for
faint diffuse light.Comment: version accepted for publication in ApJ; details clarified and
robustness discussion expanded, with results and conclusions unchanged; 15
pages, 10 figure
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