Tuberculose de l’épaule masquée par une infection concomitante à enterobacter cloacae: à propos d’un cas

La tuberculose de l'épaule est une localisation rare de même que l'arthrite septique à Enterobacter cloacae, les auteurs rapportent un cas d'ostéoarthrite de l'épaule à Bacille de Koch et à E. Cloacae chez une patiente de 36 ans avec un terrain particulier (drépanocytose SC et infection à VIH). Le diagnostic a été possible grâce aux prélèvements chirurgicaux effectués lors de l'arthrotomieKey words: Tuberculose ostéoarticulaire, épaule, Enterobacter Cloaca

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Riscos de crédito e garantias no setor de microfinanças

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Contabilidade e Ciência da Informação e Documentação, Departamento de Administração, 2009.A circulação do fluxo monetário é indispensável para a avaliação do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) de uma determinada economia. As empresas, independentemente do porte, são unidades produtivas que proporcionam esta circulação ao gerar emprego e renda. Quanto mais pessoas ativas, maior o alcance do desenvolvimento contínuo e sustentável. Mas um grande número de micro e pequenas empresas não se submetem ao registro formal obrigatório e dificultam a mensuração deste indicador. Elas ficam na informalidade por falta de capital para se inserir e sobreviver em um mercado instável e globalizado. Na busca de resolução de problemas relativos à capital de giro ou problemas deste gênero, algumas empresas optam pela sua entrada no sistema financeiro convencional. Mas elas são desiludidas ao encontrar barreiras, principalmente no segmento bancário. De um lado, a estrutura do sistema tradicional impossibilita o acesso a essas empresas por apresentarem riscos considerados altos demais. Em outros casos, quando o acesso é liberado, são cobrados juros altíssimos difícil de ser assumidos pelos empreendedores. Frente a este dilema, as microfinanças procuram atender esta parcela da população cujas necessidades não são propriamente atendidas pelas instituições tradicionais que, por sua vez, podem alcançar índices de inadimplência e riscos de crédito bastante reduzidos com uso desta ferramenta. Para tanto, este trabalho visa observar as dificuldades de ambas as partes em relação ao crédito bancário com o intuito de identificar as linhas de crédito com a metodologia microfinanceira e redutora de riscos de crédito. Para a realização deste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo exploratório com base em uma revisão bibliográfica, sobretudo de revistas e artigos sobre o assunto, além de duas pesquisas de campo junto a 80 micro e pequenas empresas em Brasília e a um analista de crédito da Caixa Econômica Federal do Brasil. Ao final da pesquisa, apesar da identificação de duas linhas de crédito alinhadas com a realidade deste segmento, foram observadas algumas falhas como a falta de divulgação dessas operações, além da necessidade de revisão dos processos e sistemas bancários para aplicação das microfinanças como meio de inserção desta parcela da população

Process of Attack on Cashew Tree Branches by Diastocera trifasciata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and the Relationship between These Attacks and the Phenological Stages in the Gbêkê Region (Central Côte d’Ivoire)

Cerambycidae Diastocera trifasciata attacks were studied from October 2015 to September 2017 in three cashew tree orchards in the locality of Brobo in central Côte d’Ivoire. One hundred fifty-three (153) cashew trees, arranged on a diagonal from each orchard, were selected for sampling. The attacked plants and the branches cut per tree were counted every 15 days. Biotic parameters, namely phenological stages of trees, and abiotic factors, which are rainfall, relative humidity and average temperature, were recorded throughout the study. Attacks were observed from mid-September to January from the pre-flowering vegetative stage to the flowering stage. Attack period duration was therefore four and a half months per year. The peak of attacks was recorded in November with an attack rate of 88.02% in 2015 and 75.49% in 2016. No attack was recorded from February to mid-September, corresponding to the flowering, fruiting and post-harvest vegetative growth stages. This description of the attack process and the determination of D. trifasciata attack periods provides essential data for the implementation of an effective and sustainable control method of this species

Highly precarious general and sexual health conditions of young domestic servants: results from a qualitative exploratory study and perspectives for community-based research in Bamako, Mali

Most domestic servants (DS) in Mali are very young female migrants living in precarious conditions. We aimed to understand their living and working conditions in relation to their general and sexual health. Seven focus groups (53 participants) were conducted by the DS community-based organization ADDAD. Narratives were thematically analyzed using an inductive method. The dominant emerging theme was DS' strong dependence on their employers. Employers' attitudes regarding DS workload, the provision of food, water and hygiene products, housing conditions, and healthcare cover, appeared decisive for DS' physical and mental health, and the type of healthcare they used (self-medication, traditional care, healthcare facilities). Psychological, physical and sexual violence in employers' households was frequent. HIV/STI prevention knowledge was poor. These results highlight the serious risks for DS in terms of HIV/ STI and unwanted pregnancies. DS were interested in receiving healthcare from ADDAD; this was motivated by the organization's trusting and understanding community-based environment, and DS' fear of discrimination in healthcare facilities. This study highlights the relevance of tackling the defense of rights and sexual health promotion for DS at the community level. Its findings can help identify research questions to evaluate the extent to which DS constitute a key HIV population