Investigating the Role of Contract Enforcement and Financial Costs on the Payment Choice: Industry-Level Evidence from Turkey

This paper examines the effect of legal and financial conditions on the payment contract choice by empirically testing the predictions of Schmidt-Eisenlohr’s (2013) model with actual bilateral industry level trade finance data (at 2-digit level) from Turkey. Our results show that an improvement in contract enforcement and an increase in the financing cost in the importing country (exporting country) increases (decreases) the share of post-shipment sales. For the share of pre-payment sales, the opposite effects are estimated. Finally we find that share of post-shipment sales (pre-payment sales) increases (decreases) in the number of products traded between partners in the past

Correction to: Two years later: Is the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still having an impact on emergency surgery? An international cross-sectional survey among WSES members

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still ongoing and a major challenge for health care services worldwide. In the first WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey, a strong negative impact on emergency surgery (ES) had been described already early in the pandemic situation. However, the knowledge is limited about current effects of the pandemic on patient flow through emergency rooms, daily routine and decision making in ES as well as their changes over time during the last two pandemic years. This second WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey investigates the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on ES during the course of the pandemic. Methods: A web survey had been distributed to medical specialists in ES during a four-week period from January 2022, investigating the impact of the pandemic on patients and septic diseases both requiring ES, structural problems due to the pandemic and time-to-intervention in ES routine. Results: 367 collaborators from 59 countries responded to the survey. The majority indicated that the pandemic still significantly impacts on treatment and outcome of surgical emergency patients (83.1% and 78.5%, respectively). As reasons, the collaborators reported decreased case load in ES (44.7%), but patients presenting with more prolonged and severe diseases, especially concerning perforated appendicitis (62.1%) and diverticulitis (57.5%). Otherwise, approximately 50% of the participants still observe a delay in time-to-intervention in ES compared with the situation before the pandemic. Relevant causes leading to enlarged time-to-intervention in ES during the pandemic are persistent problems with in-hospital logistics, lacks in medical staff as well as operating room and intensive care capacities during the pandemic. This leads not only to the need for triage or transferring of ES patients to other hospitals, reported by 64.0% and 48.8% of the collaborators, respectively, but also to paradigm shifts in treatment modalities to non-operative approaches reported by 67.3% of the participants, especially in uncomplicated appendicitis, cholecystitis and multiple-recurrent diverticulitis. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still significantly impacts on care and outcome of patients in ES. Well-known problems with in-hospital logistics are not sufficiently resolved by now; however, medical staff shortages and reduced capacities have been dramatically aggravated over last two pandemic years

Preoperatif bnp (brain natriüretik peptid) değerlerinin koroner bypass cerrahisi uygulanan hastaların prognozunun değerlendirilmesindeki yeri

TEZ6683Tez (Uzmanlık) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2007.Kaynakça (s.28-32) var.vii, 33 s. ; 29 cm.BNP(Brain Natriüretik Peptid), ventrikül fonksiyonundaki değişikliklere hassas ve aynı zamanda bu değişikliklerin spesifik belirleyicisi olan ventiküler bir hormondur. Asemptomatik sol ventrikül yetmezliği için BNP örnek görüntüleme testidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ,koroner bypass yapılacak hastaların preoperatif plazma BNP düzeyleri ile erken morbidite arasındaki ilişkinin araştırlmasıdır. 11 aylık dönem boyunca koroner bypass yapılan 22 ardışık hastayı geriye dönük olarak değerlendirdik.Hastaların başka bir sistem ile ilgili ve ek kardiak problemi mevcut olmamakla birlikte EF leri %50 ın altında değildi.Operasyon öncesi plasma BNP düzeyleri ,erken postoperatif morbidite bulgularıyla istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı.BNP analizi, Electrohemoluminescent immunassay metodu ve Roche Dıagnostıc İndıanapolis ,İndiana ProBNP Elecsys 1010 autoanalyzer tekniği ile yapıldı.Brain natriuretic peptid (BNP) is a ventricular hormone that is sensitive and specific marker of changes in ventricular function .It is sample screening test for symptomless left ventricular failure.The aim of this study was examine there is a corelation between the preoperative plasma level of BNP and early morbidity in patients undergoing to coronary artery bypass. During the 11month period,we retrospectively evaluated 22 consecutive patients who was operated on for coronary artery bypass. Patients had not have other system and cardiac disease and had not EF ? 50.Preoperative plasma BNP values was statisticaly compired with early postoperative morbidity findings.BNP analysis was made by 'Electrohemoluminescent immunassay method and Roche Diagnostic Indianapolis, Indiana proBNP Elecsys 1010 autoanalyzer with tecnique and ?125 pg/ml was accepted sign for cardiac function disorder. Postoperative morbidity criterias were accepted as;staying longer than 4 day in intensive care unit and longer than 10 days in hospital, mechanic ventilatory support longer than 48 hours, necessity for inotrops or IABP(ıntra aortic baloon pump) support.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No

The determination of aroma profile of fresh grape bogma

Bu çalışmada Hatay yöresinde geleneksel olarak yaş üzümden üretilen Boğmanın laboratuvar koşullarında üretimi gerçekleştirilmiş ve son üründe uçucu bileşenleri ve aroma profili araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla üretim,geleneksel yöntemler esas alınarak fermantasyon toprak küplerde (carra) ve distilasyon bakır düzeneklerde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uçucu bileşenlerin belirlenmesinde gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometresi (GK-KS), aroma aktif bileşenlerin belirlenmesinde ve tanımlanmasında gaz kromatografisi-olfaktometri cihazları (GKO) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; boğmaların etil alkol miktarları, % 40-50 (v/v); yoğunlukları 0.9309-0.9498g/cm3; uçar asit miktarları 5.8-16.8mg/100mL mA arasında bulunmuştur. Örneklerde furfurala rastlanmazken; 43 uçucu bileşik (12 ester, 17 terpen, 4 yüksek alkol, 1 aldehit, 3 fenolik bileşen, 1 primer alkol, 1 keton ve tanımlaması yapılamayan 4 bileşik) olduğu saptanmıştır. GK-KS ile bunlardan 27’si tespit edilebilirken; koklama portunda, 26 aroma aktif bileşen tespit edilmiş ve bunların 18’i hem GK-KS ve GK-O de; 8’i ise sadece GK-O cihazında tespit edilmiştir.In this study, Bogma as a traditional alcoholic beverage in Hatay province was produced from fresh grape in laboratory conditions based on the traditional methods. The final product was analyzed for volatile compounds and the aroma profile. For this purpose, fermentation and distillation were carried out using clay pots, copper made pots as traditional methods, respectively. Volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), whereas aroma active compounds were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). According to the results; Bogma samples consisted of 40 to 50% (v/v) of ethanol, 5.8 and 16.8mg/100mL mA of total volatile substances and had a density of 0.9309 and 0.9488 g/cm3. Furfural was not present in the samples and there were 43 volatile compounds (12 esters, 18 terpenes, 4 higher alcohols, 1 aldehyde, 3 phenolic compounds, 1 primary alcohol, 1 ketone and 4 other unknown volatiles).Of the 43 compounds, 27 volatiles were identified in GC-MS that 18 were identified in both GC-MS and GCO and 26 were identified as aroma active compounds. Of which, 8 were detected only at the sniffing port

Milk composition, rennet coagulation time, urea content and environmental factors affecting them in Anatolian buffaloes

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu mandalarında süt kompozisyonu, sütün rennet pıhtılaşma süresi, üre muhtevası, titrasyon asitliği, yoğunluk ve pH’ın tespiti ve bunlar üzerine etkin çevresel faktörlerin araştırılmasıdır. Ilıkpınar Köyünde 5 işletmede 2004 Haziran-2005 Eylül periyodunda buzağılayan 53 manda ineğinden Haziran, Eylül, Aralık, Mart aylarında laktasyonlarının 30±15, 60±15, 90±15, 120±15, 150±15, 180±15, 210±15, 240±15 ve 270±15 günlerinde olanlardan, sabah sağımlarında toplam 110 süt örneği toplanmıştır. Örnekler muhtelif süt özellikleri açısından analiz edilmiştir. Süt pıhtılaşma süresi, üre, protein ve yağ içerikleri sırasıyla Berridge, Fotometric, Formol Titrasyon ve Gerber metotları kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Veriler şöyle sınıflandırılmıştır; Laktasyon dönemi: 30±15, 60±15 ve 90±15 gün: 1.; 120±15, 150±15 ve 180±15: 2.; 210±15, 240±15 ve 270±15: 3.; Verim ayı (örnek alma ayı): Haziran: 1, Eylül: 2, Aralık: 3, Mart: 4. İncelenen her özellik üzerine ayrı ayrı çevresel faktör etkileri variyans analizi tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Günlük süt verimi; kül, yağ, TKM, protein, asitlik oranları; yoğunluk, pH, rennet pıhtılaşma süresi ve üre içerik ortalamaları sırası ile 2.6±1.42 lt., %0.47, %7.67, %17.55, %5.28, %0.17; 1.028, 6.61, 68.43 sn ve 3.78 mg/100ml olarak belirlenmiştir.The objectives of this study were to investigate determining environmental factors on composition, renneting time, urea concentration, acidity, density and pH of Anatolian Buffaloes milk. As a total of 110 milk samples from 53 cows that were calved from 2004 June to 2005 September period in 5 units of Ilıkpınar Village were collected in morning milkings in June, September, December and March. The cows were on their lactation days 30±15, 60±15, 90±15, 120±15, 150±15, 180±15, 210±15, 240±15 and 270±15. The milk samples were analysed for various milk characteristics. Rennet coagulation time, urea, protein and fat contents were determined using Berridge, photometric, formol titration and Gerber methods, respectively. Data were classified as follows; lactation stages: 1 (30±15, 60±15, 90±15 days): 2 (120±15, 150±15, 180±15): 3 (210±15, 240±15, 270±15); month of samples collection: 1 (June), 2 (September), 3 (December), 4 (March). Effects of environmental factors on each variable were investigated separately and analysed using analysis of variance. The averages of daily milk yield; ash, total dry matter (TDM), protein, titratable acidity rates; density, pH, rennet coagulation time and urea content were determined as 2.6±1.42 lt., 0.47%, 7.67%, 17.55%, 5.28%, 0.17%; 1.028, 6,61, 68.43 seconds and 3.78 mg/100ml respectively

The determination of aroma profile of fresh grape bogma

Bu çalışmada Hatay yöresinde geleneksel olarak yaş üzümden üretilen Boğmanın laboratuvar koşullarında üretimi gerçekleştirilmiş ve son üründe uçucu bileşenleri ve aroma profili araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla üretim, geleneksel yöntemler esas alınarak fermantasyon toprak küplerde (carra) ve distilasyon bakır düzeneklerde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uçucu bileşenlerin belirlenmesinde gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometresi (GK-KS), aroma aktif bileşenlerin belirlenmesinde ve tanımlanmasında gaz kromatografisi-olfaktometri cihazları (GKO) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; boğmaların etil alkol miktarları, % 40-50 (v/v); yoğunlukları 0.9309-0.9498g/cm3; uçar asit miktarları 5.8-16.8mg/100mL mA arasında bulunmuştur. Örneklerde furfurala rastlanmazken; 43 uçucu bileşik (12 ester, 17 terpen, 4 yüksek alkol, 1 aldehit, 3 fenolik bileşen, 1 primer alkol, 1 keton ve tanımlaması yapılamayan 4 bileşik) olduğu saptanmıştır. GK-KS ile bunlardan 27'si tespit edilebilirken; koklama portunda, 26 aroma aktif bileşen tespit edilmiş ve bunların 18'i hem GK-KS ve GK-O de; 8'i ise sadece GK-O cihazında tespit edilmiştirIn this study, Bogma as a traditional alcoholic beverage in Hatay province was produced from fresh grape in laboratory conditions based on the traditional methods. The final product was analyzed for volatile compounds and the aroma profile. For this purpose, fermentation and distillation were carried out using clay pots, copper made pots as traditional methods, respectively. Volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), whereas aroma active compounds were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). According to the results; Bogma samples consisted of 40 to 50% (v/v) of ethanol, 5.8 and 16.8mg/100mL mA of total volatile substances and had a density of 0.9309 and 0.9488 g/cm3. Furfural was not present in the samples and there were 43 volatile compounds (12 esters, 18 terpenes, 4 higher alcohols, 1 aldehyde, 3 phenolic compounds, 1 primary alcohol, 1 ketone and 4 other unknown volatiles).Of the 43 compounds, 27 volatiles were identified in GC-MS that 18 were identified in both GC-MS and GCO and 26 were identified as aroma active compounds. Of which, 8 were detected only at the sniffing por

Basınçlı karbondioksit uygulamasının ayranın kalite kriterleri üzerine etkisi

The effect of pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) on the chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of Ayran was investigated. Bulk Ayran was filled into bottles, injected prior to capping with pressurized CO2 by a pilot injection system at 0.5 (A5), 1.0 (A10) and 1.5 (A15) MPa for one min, respectively, and kept at 5&deg;C for seven days. Results indicated that the CO2 concentration had no significant effect on the gross composition; however, serum separation was less in A5 and A10 on day 7 than in control and A15 (P &lt; 0,05). The number of Streptococcus thermophilus decreased significantly with increasing CO2 concentrations at the end of the storage (P&lt;0.05), whereas the number of L delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus did not change. Sensory properties of Ayran were adversely affected by the pressurized CO2 levels (P &lt; 0.05).Bu çalışmada basınçlı karbondioksit gazı enjeksiyonunun Ayran'ın kimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve duyusal kalite kriterleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Üretilen Ayran, şişelere doldurulduktan sonra dört gruba ayrılmış ve her bir gruba pilot bir enjeksiyon sistemi yardımıyla 1 dakika sureyle sırasıyla 0 (control), 0,5 (A5), 1.0 (A10) ve 1,5 (A15) MPa basınç altında CO2 gazı enjekte edilmiştir. Ayran örnekleri daha sonra +5°C de 7 gün süreyle depolanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar basınçlı CO2 ilavesinin Ayranların genel bileşimleri üzerinde bir etkisi olmadığı; ancak, A5 ve A10 nolu örneklerinin serum ayrılmasının kontrol ve A15 nolu örneklerle kıyaslandığında serum ayrılmasını azalttığını göstermiştir. Artan CO2 konsantrasyonu depolama sonunda Streptococcus thermophilus'un sayısını önemli derecede azalttıığı (P < 0.05), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus sayısını ise değişmediği gözlenmiştir. Duyusal özellikler açısından, CO2 ilave edilmiş Ayran örnekleri kontrole nazaran daha düşük puanlar almıştır (P <0.05)