10 research outputs found
RIPK1 mediates axonal degeneration by promoting inflammation and necroptosis in ALS
Mutations in the optineurin (OPTN) gene have been implicated in both familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the role of this protein in the central nervous system (CNS) and how it may contribute to ALS pathology are unclear. Here, we found that optineurin actively suppressed receptor-interacting kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent signaling by regulating its turnover. Loss of OPTN led to progressive dysmyelination and axonal degeneration through engagement of necroptotic machinery in the CNS, including RIPK1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Furthermore, RIPK1- and RIPK3-mediated axonal pathology was commonly observed in SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice and pathological samples from human ALS patients. Thus, RIPK1 and RIPK3 play a critical role in mediating progressive axonal degeneration. Furthermore, inhibiting RIPK1 kinase may provide an axonal protective strategy for the treatment of ALS and other human degenerative diseases characterized by axonal degeneration
Discovery of Potent and Selective A<sub>2A</sub> Antagonists with Efficacy in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease and Depression
Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor
(A<sub>2A</sub>AdoR) antagonism is a nondopaminergic approach to Parkinson’s
disease treatment that is under development. Earlier we had reported
the therapeutic potential of 7-methoxy-4-morpholino-benzothiazole
derivatives as A<sub>2A</sub>AdoR antagonists. We herein described
a novel series of [1,2,4]ÂtriazoloÂ[5,1-<i>f</i>]Âpurin-2-one
derivatives that displays functional antagonism of the A<sub>2A</sub> receptor with a high degree of selectivity over A<sub>1</sub>, A<sub>2B</sub>, and A<sub>3</sub> receptors. Compounds from this new scaffold
resulted in the discovery of highly potent, selective, stable, and
moderate brain penetrating compound <b>33</b>. Compound <b>33</b> endowed with satisfactory <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> pharmacokinetics properties. Compound <b>33</b> demonstrated robust oral efficacies in two commonly used models
of Parkinson’s disease (haloperidol-induced catalepsy and 6-OHDA
lesioned rat models) and depression (TST and FST mice models)
Design, Synthesis of Novel, Potent, Selective, Orally Bioavailable Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> Receptor Antagonists and Their Biological Evaluation
Our initial structure–activity
relationship studies on 7-methoxy-4-morpholino-benzothiazole
derivatives featured by aryloxy-2-methylpropanamide moieties at the
2-position led to identification of compound <b>25</b> as a
potent and selective A<sub>2A</sub> adenosine receptor (A<sub>2A</sub>AdoR) antagonist with reasonable ADME and pharmacokinetic properties.
However, poor intrinsic solubility and low to moderate oral bioavailability
made this series unsuitable for further development. Further optimization
using structure-based drug design approach resulted in discovery of
potent and selective adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor antagonists
bearing substituted 1-methylcyclohexyl-carboxamide groups at position
2 of the benzothiazole scaffold and endowed with better solubility
and oral bioavailability. Compounds <b>41</b> and <b>49</b> demonstrated a number of positive attributes with respect to in
vitro ADME properties. Both compounds displayed good pharmacokinetic
properties with 63% and 61% oral bioavailability, respectively, in
rat. Further, compound <b>49</b> displayed oral efficacy in
6-OHDA lesioned rat model of Parkinson diseases
Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Long Chain l-2-Hydroxy Acid Oxidase Reduced Blood Pressure in DOCA Salt-Treated Rats
l-2-Hydroxy acid oxidase (Hao2) is a peroxisomal
enzyme with predominant expression in the liver and kidney. Hao2 was
recently identified as a candidate gene for blood pressure quantitative
trait locus in rats. To investigate a pharmacological role of Hao2
in the management of blood pressure, selective Hao2 inhibitors were
developed. Optimization of screening hits <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> led to the discovery of compounds <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> as potent and selective rat Hao2 inhibitors with pharmacokinetic
properties suitable for in vivo studies in rats. Treatment with compound <b>3</b> or <b>4</b> resulted in a significant reduction or
attenuation of blood pressure in an established or developing model
of hypertension, deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated rats. This is
the first report demonstrating a pharmacological benefit of selective
Hao2 inhibitors in a relevant model of hypertension