Revisit cosmic ray propagation by using 1^{1}H, 2^{2}H, 3^{3}He and 4^{4}He

The secondary-to-primary ratios are unique tools to investigate cosmic ray propagation mechanisms. In this work, we use the latest data of deuteron-to-helium~4 ratio and helium~3-to-helium~4 ratio measured by PAMELA combined with other Z$\leq$2 primary fluxes measured by PAMELA and Voyager-1, to constrain the cosmic ray acceleration and propagation models. The analysis is performed by interfacing statistical tools with the GALPROP propagation package. To better fit both the modulated and unmodulated low energy cosmic ray data, we find that a time-, charge- and rigidity-dependent solar modulation model is better than the force-field approximation. Among all the studied cosmic ray propagation models, the diffusion-reacceleration-convection model is strongly supported by the derived Bayesian evidence. The robustness of the estimated diffusion slope $\delta$ is cross-checked by another low-mass secondary-to-primary ratio, i.e. the antiproton-to-proton ratio. It is shown that the diffusion-reacceleration-convection model can reconcile well with the high energy antiproton-to-proton ratio. This indicates that the estimated value of $\delta$ is reliable. The well constraint $\delta$ from the `best' model is found to be close to 1/3, inferring a Kolmogorov-type interstellar magnetic turbulence.Comment: Accepted by Physics Letters

A probabilistic method for gradient estimates of some geometric flows

In general, gradient estimates are very important and necessary for deriving convergence results in different geometric flows, and most of them are obtained by analytic methods. In this paper, we will apply a stochastic approach to systematically give gradient estimates for some important geometric quantities under the Ricci flow, the mean curvature flow, the forced mean curvature flow and the Yamabe flow respectively. Our conclusion gives another example that probabilistic tools can be used to simplify proofs for some problems in geometric analysis.Comment: 22 pages. Minor revision to v1. Accepted for publication in Stochastic Processes and their Application

Teleportation of an arbitrary multipartite state via photonic Faraday rotation

We propose a practical scheme for deterministically teleporting an arbitrary multipartite state, either product or entangled, using Faraday rotation of the photonic polarization. Our scheme, based on the input-output process of single-photon pulses regarding cavities, works in low-Q cavities and only involves virtual excitation of the atoms, which is insensitive to both cavity decay and atomic spontaneous emission. Besides, the Bell-state measurement is accomplished by the Faraday rotation plus product-state measurements, which could much relax the experimental difficulty to realize the Bell-state measurement by the CNOT operation.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures