342 research outputs found
Unionization and labour regimes: A comparison between Canada and the United States since 1945
High seroprevalence of human herpesviruses in HIV-infected individuals attending primary healthcare facilities in rural South Africa
Seroprevalence data of human herpesviruses (HHVs) are limited for sub-Saharan Africa. These are important to provide an indication of potential burden of HHV-related disease, in particular in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who are known to be at increased risk of these conditions in the Western world. In this cross-sectional study among 405 HIV-infected and antiretroviral therapy naïve individuals in rural South Africa the seroprevalence of HHVs was: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (98%), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (87%), varicella zoster virus (VZV) (89%), and 100% for both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Independent factors associated with VZV seropositivity were low educational status and having children. Lack of in-house access to drinking water was independently associated with positive HSV-1 serostatus, whereas Shangaan ethnicity was associated with HSV-2 seropositivity. Increasing age was associated with higher IgG titres to both EBV and CMV, whereas CD4 cell count was negatively associated with EBV and CMV IgG titres. Moreover, IgG titres of HSV-1 and 2, VZV and CMV, and CMV and EBV were positively correlated. The high HHV seroprevalence emphasises the importance of awareness of these viral infections in HIV-infected individuals in South Africa
Building a Culture of Retirement: Class, Politics and Pensions in Post-World War II Ontario
This paper examines four factors which influenced the development of old age pensions in Canada after World War II. The legacy of Canada's original means-tested pension program, the class politics of pension bargaining between business and organized labour on both sides of the border, the policy example of Social Security in the United States, and the key importance of the insurance and investment industry lobby operating through successive Conservative governments in Ontario, are highlighted as critical factors which affected the timing and limited the scope of Canada's public pension system. The residualist design of Old Age Security in 1951 and Ontario's success in gaining a veto over reforms to the Canada Pension Plan in 1965 are singled out as a key factors behind the current vulnerability of Canadian public pensions to fiscal cutbacks compared to the Social Security in the United States.Le présent texte analyse quatre des facteurs qui ont influencé la mise en place d'un régime de pensions de vieillesse au Canada après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Ces facteurs décisifs qui ont déterminé le calendrier d'application du régime de pensions de l'État et qui en ont limité la portée sont les suivants : le legs du premier programme de pensions de vieilesse du pays, fondé sur des enquêtes sur les ressources des bénéficiaires, le jeu des politiques de classe dans les négociations relatives à la pension opposant le monde des affaires à celui de la main-d'oeuvre syndiquée de chaque côté de la frontière, l'exemple du modèle américain en matière de sécurité sociale, et l'importance majeure du lobby des sociétés d'assurance et d'investissement auprès des gouvernements conservateurs successifs en Ontario. Si les régimes de pensions canadiens sont actuellement plus vulnérables aux compressions budgétaires que les programmes de sécurité sociale des États-Unis, c'est entre autres et surtout parce que le programme d'assistance aux vieillard dans le besoin a été élaboré à partir d'un projet résiduel et parce que l'Ontario a réussi à obtenir en 1965 un droit de veto sur les réformes du régime de pensions du Canada
“Lord give us men”: Women and Social Work in English Canada, 1918 to 1953
Depuis la dernière décennie, les travailleurs sociaux du Canada sont aux prises avec un embarrassant paradoxe: bien que les femmes aient été les pionnières dans la profession et qu'elles représentent près de soixante pour cent des effectifs dans le domaine, les hommes y occupent les meilleurs postes, tant dans l'enseignement que dans l'administration, et, à travail égal, ils commandent de meilleurs salaires. Des études récentes effectuées dans plusieurs provinces canadiennes en témoignent éloquemment et il en est de même, d'ailleurs, aux Etats-Unis. Ainsi, et curieuse- ment, il appert donc qu'en dépit du fait que les membres de cette profession s'enorgueillissent d'avoir été à l'avant-garde de nombreuses transformations sociales, le sexisme qui sévit dans la répartition du travail au sein de la profession ne fait que refléter les inégalités qui existent toujours dans notre société.L'auteur s'interroge ici sur les origines de ces inégalités, sur les raisons qui ont empêché les femmes de s'emparer des postes les plus rémunérateurs, sur la perception qu'avaient ces femmes du rôle de la femme dans la société et, enfin, sur l'incidence que ces deux dernières questions ont pu exercer l'une sur l'autre. A travers l'étude des événements qui ont marqué la profession dans les décennies vingt à quarante, il constate que non seulement les hommes ont dominé dans la profession mais que, bien souvent, ces hommes qui étaient beaucoup mieux rémunérés que les femmes qu'ils dirigeaient étaient à la fois plus jeunes et moins bien formés qu'elles. A cet égard, le travail social ressemblait fort aux autres professions féminines à l'époque à cette différence près, toutefois, que les travailleuses sociales protestaient en somme contre une image de la femme qu'elles avaient, d'une certaine façon, contribué à maintenir et qu'elles s'opposaient à une domination masculine qu'elles avaient elles-mêmes encouragée à une certaine époque, préoccupées qu'elles étaient alors de rehausser l'image de la profession aux yeux de la société
Regulating the Elderly: Old Age Pensions and the Formation of a Pension Bureaucracy in Ontario, 1929-1945
This article examines the emergence of means-tested old age pensions in Ontario in the context of the Great Depression and World War II. Ontario's old age pension scheme, it argues, was launched in 1929 with weak political commitment, little bureaucratic-preparation, and an almost complete absence of administrative experience at the provincial and municipal level in assessing and responding to need on a mass scale. The article examines the complex interplay among federal, provincial, and local government authorities in the politics of pension administration throughout the 1929-1945 era, arguing that local control of pension decision-making in the early years of the Depression provided two divergent models of pension entitlement both as charity and as an earned social right. After 1933 governments at both the provincial and federal level centralized decision-making over pension administration in order to standardize and restrict pension entitlement, contain its rapidly rising costs, and enforce more efficiently the concept of parental maintenance upon children. World War II undermined the concept of pensions as charity by broadly expanding the boundaries of entitlement both for the elderly and their children. By 1945 means-tested pensions had few supporters within or outside of government, laying the basis for the emergence of a universal system of old age security in 1951.Cet article porte sur les premières années de l'histoire des pensions de vieillesse après enquête financière sur les ressources (means-tested) versées aux Ontariens durant la Crise et la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Il tente de montrer que c'est avec peu de conviction politique que le programme de pensions ontarien fut mis en vigueur en 1929 : peu e préparation bureaucratique et un contexte, tant au niveau provincial qu'au niveau municipal, d'absence quasi totale de l'expérience administrative nécessaire à la mise sur pied d'un mécanisme massif d'évaluation des besoins et de réponse à ceux-ci. Un examen des relations complexes entre les autorités fédérales, provinciales et municipales mises en branle dans les premières quinze années du programme montre qu'au cours des premières années de la Crise, les autorités locales contrôlèrent les décisions d'allocations de pensions et ce selon deux modèles divergents, celui de la charité et celui des droits sociaux acquis. Après 1933 cependant, les gouvernements provincial et fédéral centralisèrent et uniformisèrent le processus de décision en vue tout à la fois de réduire le nombre des prestations, de contrôles l'accroissement rapide des coûts du programme et, pour ce faire, de redonner vigueur à l'idée de l'obligation qu'ont les enfants d'entretenir leurs parents. Au cours de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, l'idée d'associer ces pensions à la charité perdit des plumes alors que les conceptions des droits des enfants et des personnes âgés gagnèrent en popularité. Après 1945, les enquête financières sur les ressources (means-tests) ne récoltaient plus qu'un support minime chez les membres du gouvernement et dans l'ensemble de la population, si bien que les fondements de l'émergence du système de pension universel de 1951 étaient jetées
Geographic access to cancer care and treatment and outcomes of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
IMPORTANCE: Data on the impact of geographic access to cancer care on early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment and outcomes are limited.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of geographic access to cancer care with guideline-recommended treatment and outcomes in patients with early-stage NSCLC.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based cohort study included patients with early-stage NSCLC newly diagnosed between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2015, followed up through December 31, 2016, and identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results dataset. Data analysis was performed from March to November 2024.
EXPOSURES: Geographic access to thoracic surgeons and radiation oncologists was quantified using the 2-step floating catchment area algorithm and categorized into quintile 1 (least access) through quintile 5 (greatest access).
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Multilevel logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of receipt of surgery and radiotherapy. Hazard ratios (HRs) of lung cancer-specific mortality were estimated using Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard regression.
RESULTS: Among 65 259 patients, the mean (SD) age was 69.4 (10.1) years; 33 114 patients (50.7%) were female, 1071 (1.6%) were uninsured, and 7541 (11.6%) were enrolled in Medicaid. The least (vs greatest) geographic access to thoracic surgeons (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18; P \u3c .001 for trend) and radiation oncologists (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18; P \u3c .001 for trend) was associated with higher lung cancer mortality. Patients in counties with the least (vs greatest) access to thoracic surgeons were less likely to undergo surgery (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69-0.93; P \u3c .001 for trend); this association was much stronger in Asian than non-Hispanic White patients and in Medicaid-insured than non-Medicaid-insured patients. Although there was no significant association overall, geographic access to radiation oncologists was significantly associated with radiotherapy use in older (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.95), Hispanic (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.86), and uninsured (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.94) patients.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, geographic access to cancer care was associated with guideline-recommended treatment for early-stage NSCLC and outcomes, particularly in socially marginalized patients, underscoring the importance of ensuring appropriate geographic allocations of cancer care resources and addressing travel barriers to health care to improve NSCLC treatment, prognosis, and equity
Efavirenz-induced gynecomastia in a prepubertal girl with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case report
BACKGROUND:Prepubertal gynecomastia is a rare condition and most frequently classified as idiopathic. In HIV-infected adults gynecomastia is a recognised but infrequent side-effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and mostly attributed to efavirenz use. Gynecomastia should be distinguished from pseudogynecomastia as part of the lipodystrophy syndrome caused by Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) to avoid incorrect substitution of drugs. In the medical literature only five cases of prepubertal gynecomastia in children taking ART are described and underlying pathogenesis was unknown. The occurrence of adverse effects of ART may interfere with therapy adherence and long-term prognosis and for that reason requires attention. We report the first case of prepubertal gynecomastia in a young girl attributed to efavirenz use.CASE PRESENTATION:A seven-year-old African girl presented with true gynecomastia four months after initiation on ART (abacavir, lamivudine, efavirenz). History, physical examination and laboratory tests excluded known causes of gynecomastia and efavirenz was considered as the most likely cause. Six weeks after withdrawal of efavirenz the breast enlargement had completely resolved. CONCLUSIONS: Efavirenz-induced gynecomastia may occur in children as well as in adults. With the increasing access to ART, the possibility of efavirenz-exposure and the potential occurrence of its associated side-effects may be high. In resource-poor settings, empirical change from efavirenz to nevirapine may be considered, providing no other known or alarming cause is identified, as efavirenz-induced gynecomastia can resolve quickly after withdrawal of the drug. Timely recognition of gynecomastia as a side-effect of efavirenz is important in order to intervene while the condition may still be reversible, to sustain adherence to ART and to maintain the sociopsychological health of the child
Towards 'men who have sex with menappropriate' health services in South Africa
Health programming for men who have sex with men (MSM) in South Africa has been ignored or absent until fairly recently, despite this population being at high risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. Anova Health Institute, with support from the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)/United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and in collaboration with the South African National Department of Health, launched the first state sector MSM-targeted sexual health clinic in 2010. The clinic has been successful in attracting and retaining MSM in care, and lessons learned are described in this article. Components contributing to the creation of MSM-appropriate healthcare services are discussed
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