34 research outputs found
Top Mass from Electroweak Measurements
The electroweak measurements made at LEP using 1989-1993 data are presented
in preliminary form. The agreement with the Standard Model is satisfactory, and
allows a combined fit to all available data for the masses of the top quark and
standard Higgs boson. The fit yields M_t = 177 +11 -11 +18 -19 GeV/c2, where
the second error reflects the uncertainty in the Higgs mass.
Talk given at the XXIXth Rencontre de Moriond, `QCD and High Energy Hadronic
Interactions', March 1994, Meribel FranceComment: 8 pages, 330K uufiled Postscript, preprint CERN-PPE/94-9
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe
The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the
dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for
life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront
of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early
evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The
Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed
plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE
is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity
neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream
of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed
as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research
Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in
Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at
Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino
charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet
cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can
accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional
combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and
potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility
for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around
the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program
of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of
LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics
worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will
possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for
LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a
comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the
landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate
and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure
How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders : a critical review of biological pathways
Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between cigarette smoking and increased anxiety symptoms or disorders, with early life exposures potentially predisposing to enhanced anxiety responses in later life. Explanatory models support a potential role for neurotransmitter systems, inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotrophins and neurogenesis, and epigenetic effects, in anxiety pathogenesis. All of these pathways are affected by exposure to cigarette smoke components, including nicotine and free radicals. This review critically examines and summarizes the literature exploring the role of these systems in increased anxiety and how exposure to cigarette smoke may contribute to this pathology at a biological level. Further, this review explores the effects of cigarette smoke on normal neurodevelopment and anxiety control, suggesting how exposure in early life (prenatal, infancy, and adolescence) may predispose to higher anxiety in later life. A large heterogenous literature was reviewed that detailed the association between cigarette smoking and anxiety symptoms and disorders with structural brain changes, inflammation, and cell-mediated immune markers, markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter systems, neurotrophins and neurogenesis. Some preliminary data were found for potential epigenetic effects. The literature provides some support for a potential interaction between cigarette smoking, anxiety symptoms and disorders, and the above pathways; however, limitations exist particularly in delineating causative effects. The literature also provides insight into potential effects of cigarette smoke, in particular nicotine, on neurodevelopment. The potential treatment implications of these findings are discussed in regards to future therapeutic targets for anxiety. The aforementioned pathways may help mediate increased anxiety seen in people who smoke. Further research into the specific actions of nicotine and other cigarette components on these pathways, and how these pathways interact, may provide insights that lead to new treatment for anxiety and a greater understanding of anxiety pathogenesis
Ionic Interactions in Biological and Physical Systems: a Variational Treatment
Chemistry is about chemical reactions. Chemistry is about electrons changing
their configurations as atoms and molecules react. Chemistry studies reactions
as if they occurred in ideal infinitely dilute solutions. But most reactions
occur in nonideal solutions. Then everything (charged) interacts with
everything else (charged) through the electric field, which is short and long
range extending to boundaries of the system. Mathematics has recently been
developed to deal with interacting systems of this sort. The variational theory
of complex fluids has spawned the theory of liquid crystals. In my view, ionic
solutions should be viewed as complex fluids. In both biology and
electrochemistry ionic solutions are mixtures highly concentrated (~10M) where
they are most important, near electrodes, nucleic acids, enzymes, and ion
channels. Calcium is always involved in biological solutions because its
concentration in a particular location is the signal that controls many
biological functions. Such interacting systems are not simple fluids, and it is
no wonder that analysis of interactions, such as the Hofmeister series, rooted
in that tradition, has not succeeded as one would hope. We present a
variational treatment of hard spheres in a frictional dielectric. The theory
automatically extends to spatially nonuniform boundary conditions and the
nonequilibrium systems and flows they produce. The theory is unavoidably
self-consistent since differential equations are derived (not assumed) from
models of (Helmholtz free) energy and dissipation of the electrolyte. The
origin of the Hofmeister series is (in my view) an inverse problem that becomes
well posed when enough data from disjoint experimental traditions are
interpreted with a self-consistent theory.Comment: As prepared for Faraday Discussion, Pavel Jungwirth Organizer, 3 - 5
September 2012, Queens College Oxford, UK on Ion Specific Hofmeister Effects.
Version 2 has significant typo corrections in eq. 1 and eq. 4, and has been
reformatted to be easier to rea
Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET
The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016
Paying attention: Overnight returns and the hidden cost of buying at the open
Abstract Using 13 years of intraday data for U.S. stocks, we find a strong tendency for positive returns during the overnight period followed by reversals during the trading day. This behavior is driven by an opening price that is high relative to intraday prices. We find this temporary price inflation at the open is concentrated among stocks that have recently attracted the attention of retail investors, and these high attention stocks have high levels of net retail buying at the start of the trading day. In addition, we document that the sensitivity of opening prices to retail investor attention is more pronounced for stocks that are difficult to value and costly to arbitrage, and is greater during periods of high retail investor sentiment. The additional implicit transaction costs for retail traders who buy high attention stocks near the open frequently exceed the effective half spread. JEL Classification: D82, G14, G19