"Woman with guitar - fish with bicycle" En studie i hur samhällsnormer och utbildningsinstitutioner kan påverka unga tjejer som spelar gitarr

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur samhällsnormer och utbildningsinstitutioner kan påverka unga tjejer som spelar gitarr och att förstå varför så få av dem väljer att satsa på att bli gitarrister på högre nivå. Vi har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med gitarrlärare, musiker och ungdomar där vi har lyft fram ämnen som förebilder, normer, stereotyper, skola och andra pedagogiska organisationer. Informanterna i denna studie har delat med sig av både personliga erfarenheter såväl som iakttagelser i deras respektive yrkesområden. Alla deltagare har utövat musik i ett antal år. Studiens resultat visar att elgitarren associeras med maskulina attribut medan den akustiska gitarren förknippas med femininitet. Både de vuxna och yngre informanterna hävdar att män och kvinnor förväntas uttrycka och bete sig på olika sätt. Dessa förväntningar skapas utifrån de rådande samhällsnormer, vilka förebilder som syns i media och upprätthålls genom objektifiering och härskartekniker. Skolan visar sig spela stor roll när det kommer till att bryta ner eller förstärka strukturer. Vi belyser betydelsen av könssegregerad verksamhet samt tar fram dess för- och nackdelar. Våra informanter hävdar att tjejer är något överrepresenterade bland deras gitarrelever, särskilt på akustiskt gitarr, medan killar är starkt överrepresenterade på elgitarr. Statistik visar att få tjejer fortsätter att spela på högre nivå och vi är övertygade om att faktorer som nämns i studien bidrar till detta utfall.The purpose of this study is to investigate how social norms and educational institutions can influence young girls playing the guitar and understand why so few of them choose to aim to become guitarists at a higher level. We conducted qualitative interviews with guitar teachers, musicians and adolescents where we have raised different topics as role models, norms, stereotypes, school and other educational organizations. The informants in this study have shared both personal experiences as well as observations in their respective professional fields. All participants have practiced music for a few or several years. Our results show that the electric guitar is associated with masculine attributes, while the acoustic guitar is associated with femininity. Both the adult and younger informants stated that men and women are expected to behave and express themselves in different ways. These expectations are created based on the prevailing social norms, role models that appear in the media, maintained through objectification and domination techniques. Educational institutions appears to play a major role when it comes to breaking down or reinforce structures. We highlight the importance of gender-segregated activities and their advantages and disadvantages. Our informants claim that girls are slightly over-represented among their guitar students, especially on acoustic guitar whilst boys being highly over-represented on the electric guitar. But statistics show that very few girls continue at a higher level and we believe that different factors mentioned in this study contributes to these outcomes

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements